Green's function asymptotics near the internal edges of spectra of periodic elliptic operators. Spectral gap interior
Brillouin zoneFloquet transformGreen's functionperiodic coefficientssecond order elliptic operatorspectral gaps
Green's functions for elliptic equations (35J08) Schrödinger operator, Schrödinger equation (35J10) Second-order elliptic equations (35J15) General topics in linear spectral theory for PDEs (35P05) Spectrum, resolvent (47A10) Groups and algebras in quantum theory and relations with integrable systems (81R12)
Consider a linear second order elliptic operator in \(\mathbb{R}^d\) with periodic coefficients \[ L(x,D)=\sum_{k,l=1}^{d} D_{k}(a_{kl}(x)D_{l})+V(x). \] All coefficients \(a_{kl}, V\) are smooth real-valued functions on \(\mathbb{R}^d\), periodic with respect to the integer lattice \(\mathbb{Z}^d\) in \(\mathbb{R}^d\), i.e., \(a_{kl}(x+n)=a_{kl}(x)\) and \(V(x+n)=V(x)\), \(\forall x \in \mathbb{R}^{d}, n \in \mathbb{Z}^d\). The operator \(L\) is assumed to be elliptic. The operator \(L\), with the Sobolev space \(H^{2}(\mathbb{R}^d)\) as the domain, is an unbounded, self-adjoint operator in \(L^2(\mathbb{R}^d)\). The spectrum of \(L\) in \(L^{2}(\mathbb{R}^d)\) has a \textit{band-gap structure}, i.e., it is the union of a sequence of closed bounded intervals (\textit{bands}) \([\alpha_j, \beta_j] \subset \mathbb{R}\,(j=1,2,\dots)\): \(\sigma(L)=\bigcup_{j=1}^{\infty}[\alpha_j, \beta_j],\) such that \(\alpha_{j} \leq \alpha_{j+1}\), \(\beta_{j} \leq \beta_{j+1}\) and \(\lim_{j \rightarrow \infty}\alpha_j=\infty\). The bands can overlap when \(d>1\), but they leave open intervals in between, called \textit{spectral gaps}. The unit cube \([0,1]^{d} \subset \mathbb{R}^d\) a \textit{fundamental domain} of \(\mathbb{R}^d\) with respect to the lattice \(\mathbb{Z}^d\). The \textit{dual lattice} is \(2\pi \mathbb{Z}^d\) and its fundamental domain is \([-\pi,\pi]^{d}\) (\textit{Brillouin zone}). The authors consider a finite spectral gap \((\beta_{j},\alpha_{j+1})\) for some \(j \in \mathbb{N}\) and a value \(\lambda \in (\beta_j, \alpha_{j+1})\) which is close either to the spectral edge \(\beta_j\) or to the spectral edge \(\alpha_{j+1}\). They study the asymptotic behavior when \(|x-y|\to\infty\) of the Green's kernel \(G_{\lambda}(x,y)\) of the resolvent operator \((L-\lambda)^{-1}\). The main result of this paper provides the exact principal term of asymptotics, when the gap edge occurs at a symmetry point of the Brillouin zone. Floquet transform is used to reduce the problem to finding asymptotics of a scalar integral expression, which is close to the one arising when dealing with the Green's function of the Laplacian at a small negative level \(\lambda\).
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