A note on matrices over Z with entries stemming from binomial coefficients and from Catalan numbers once pure and once taken modulo 2

In this present work the author considers properties of the Pascal matrices, defined on row and column indices \(i,j\) by\N\[\NP_1 = \left (\binom{j}{i} \right )_{i,j\geq 0},\N\]\Nand\N\[\NP_2 = \left (\binom{j+i}{i} \right )_{i,j\geq 0},\N\]\Nwhere \(P_1^TP_1=P_2\).\N\NThey note that the \(a\)-th powers of \(P_1\), so \(P_1^{a}\), notated here as \(P_1(a)\), satisfy the definition\N\[\NP_1^{a}=P_1(a) = \left (\binom{j}{i} a^{j-i}\right )_{i,j\geq 0},\quad a\in \mathbb{Z}\backslash \{0\},\N\]\Nwhich with \(P_1(0)\) the identity matrix, leads to the exponent type relation\N\[\NP_1(a)P_1(b)=P_1(a+b).\N\]\NFurther properties are considered including that the upper left \(n\times n\) submatrices of \(P_1\) and \(P_2\) have determinant equal to one.\N\NWorking modulo \(2\) the matrices\N\[\NM_1=P_1\pmod{2},\quad M_2=P_2\pmod{2},\N\]\Nare introduced. Corresponding properties to the matrices \(P_1\) and \(P_2\) are considered, such as\N\[\NM_1(a)M_1(b)=M_1(a+b),\N\]\Nwhere\N\[\NM_1(a)= \left (\binom{j}{i}\pmod{2}\,\,\,a^{s_2(j)-s_2(j)} \right )_{i,j\geq 0},\N\]\Nwith\N\[\Ns_2(n)=n_0+n_1+n_2+\ldots,\quad n=n_0+2n_1+2^2n_2+\ldots,\N\]\Nthe binary representation of \(n\) with \(n_i\in\{0,1\}\).\N\NIt is also show that the upper left \(n\times n\) submatrices of \(M_1\) and \(M_2\) have determinant equal to \(\pm 1\), and this is generalised to include powers of \(a\), when the submatrix is started at column \(k\).\N\NConnections to the Thue-Morse sequence and the Faure sequence are also considered.\N\NIn the final section of this paper, Hankel matrices constructed from Catalan numbers are examined, where the determinants are again shown to be \(\pm 1\). Continued fraction expansions for related Laurent series polynomials are also proven.

Cites work

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