Lefschetz property and powers of linear forms in K[x,y,z]

Abstract: In [9], Migliore, Mir'o-Roig and Nagel, proved that if

R = m a t h b b K [x, y, z]

, where

m a t h b b K

is a field of characteristic zero, and

I = (L_{1}^{a_{1}}, d o t s, L_{r}^{a_{4}})

is an ideal generated by powers of 4 general linear forms, then the multiplication by the square

L^{2}

of a general linear form

L

induces an homomorphism of maximal rank in any graded component of

R / I

. More recently, Migliore and Mir'o-Roig proved in [8] that the same is true for any number of general linear forms, as long the powers are uniform. In addition, they conjecture that the same holds for arbitrary powers. In this paper we will solve this conjecture and we will prove that if

I = (L_{1}^{a_{1}}, d o t s, L_{r}^{a_{r}})

is an ideal of

R

generated by arbitrary powers of any set of general linear forms, then the multiplication by the square

L^{2}

of a general linear form

L

induces an homomorphism of maximal rank in any graded component of

R / I

.

Review text

Let \(K\) be a field of characteristic zero. The weak and strong Lefschetz properties (WLP and SLP respectively) for an artinian graded \(K\)-algebra \(A := R/I\) mean that if \(\ell\) is a general linear form then \(\times \ell : A_{k-1} \rightarrow A_k\) (weak) or \(\times \ell^s : A_{k-s} \rightarrow A_k\) (strong) have maximal rank for all \(k\) and all \(s\). In the last couple of decades, many researchers have studied this problem for different classes of algebras. One class that has received a great deal of attention is that of ideals generated by powers of generally chosen linear forms, i.e. \(I = (L_1^{a_1},\dots,L_t^{a_t})\). Here we restrict our attention to the case of three variables. \textit{H. Schenck} and \textit{A. Seceleanu} [Proc. Am. Math. Soc. 138, No. 7, 2335--2339 (2010; Zbl 1192.13013)] showed that the quotient by \textit{any} such ideal always has the WLP (even if the \(L_i\) are not chosen generally), so the focus is on SLP. Miró-Roig, Nagel and the reviewer [\textit{J. C. Migliore} et al., Algebra Number Theory 6, No. 3, 487--526 (2012; Zbl 1257.13003)] showed that \(\times L^2\) has maximal rank when \(t=4\). Then \textit{R. M. Miró-Roig} and the reviewer [Proc. Am. Math. Soc. 146, No. 2, 507--523 (2018; Zbl 1388.13036)] showed that in the case where all the \(a_i\) are equal and \(t\) is arbitrary, \(\times L^2\) always has maximal rank. Furthermore, they showed this is not the case for \(\times L^3\) or higher, and they gave a complete description of the behavior for \(\times L^3\), \(\times L^4\) and \(\times L^5\) when \(t=4\). In the current paper, the authors show that \(\times L^2\) has maximal rank for any choice of \(t\) and any choice of the \(a_i\). As the authors point out, this result was also obtained independently and at about the same time by \textit{U. Nagel} and the reviewer (who also recognized the current authors' work) [``The Lefschetz question for ideals generated by powers of arbitrary many linear forms in \(\mathbb{K}[x,y,z]\), preprint (2017)]. The latter paper also gave a complete description of the behavior (for arbitrary \(t\) and \(a_i\)) for \(\times L^3\).

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