Differential equations for septic theta functions

DOI10.1007/S11139-014-9588-1MaRDI QIDQ746400zbMATH OpenOpenAlexFDO

Authors Tim Huber, Danny Lara

Publication date 16 October 2015

Published in The Ramanujan Journal (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/1304.0694

zbMATH Keywords

differential equationsEisenstein serieselliptic functionstheta functions

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Modular and automorphic functions (11F03) Holomorphic modular forms of integral weight (11F11)

Abstract: We demonstrate that quotients of septic theta functions appearing in S. Ramanujan's Notebooks and in F. Klein's work satisfy a new coupled system of nonlinear differential equations with interesting symmetric form. This differential system bears a close resemblance to an analogous system for quintic theta functions. The proof extends a technique used by Ramanujan to prove the classical differential system for normalized Eisenstein series on the full modular group. In the course of our work, we show that Klein's quartic relation induces new symmetric representations for low weight Eisenstein series in terms of weight one modular forms of level seven.

Review text

The following septic theta functions for the first time were studied by \textit{F. Klein} in his 1879 work [Math. Sci. Res. Inst. Publ. 35, 287--331 (1999; Zbl 0972.14022)] \[ \begin{aligned} & a(q) = -\sum_{n=-\infty}^{\infty}(-1)^n{} q^{(((14n+5)^2)/(56))},\\ & b(q) = \sum_{n=-\infty}^{\infty}(-1)^nq^{(((14n+3)^2)/(56))},\\ & c(q) = \sum_{n=-\infty}^{\infty}(-1)^n q^{(((14n+1)^2)/(56))}.\end{aligned} \] Here \(|q|<1\) Later on they were studied independently by Ramanujan from completely different point of views and motivations [\textit{S. Ramanujan}, Notebooks of Srinivasa Ramanujan. Vols. 1, 2. Bombay: Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (1957; Zbl 0138.24201)]. Both Klein and Ramanujan obtained identities between these theta functions equivalent to the following Klein's quartic relation \[ a^3(q)b(q)+b^3(q)b(q)+c^3(q)b(q)=0. \] These theta functions are connected to Ramanujan's seven-order mock theta functions [\textit{A. Selberg}, Arch. Math. Naturvid. 41, No. 9, 15 p. (1938; JFM 64.1091.03)]. Ramanujan in his famous proof of the coupled differential system for the normalized Eisenstein series on the full modular group, formulated two identities involving the classical Weierstrass zeta function [\textit{S. Ramanujan}, On certain arithmetical functions. Trans. Cambridge Philos. Soc. 22, No. 9, 159--184 (1916; Zbl 07426016). In: Collected Papers of Srinivasa Ramanujan, pp. 136--162. AMS Chelsea, Providence, RI (2000; Zbl 1110.11001)]. The authors of the paper under review use this approach of Ramanujan to formulate a new coupled system of differential equations for these theta functions. They show that Klein's quartic relation induces new symmetric representations for low weight Eisenstein series in terms of weight one modular forms of level seven.

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Cited in

(5)

• Differential relations for modular forms of level five.
• Evaluating theta derivatives with rational characteristics
• Eisenstein series and theta functions to the septic base
• Thetanulls and differential equations
• Ramanujan modular forms and the Klein quartic

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