Polynomial identities for 2 2 matrices
cocharacterscodimensionsgeneral linear groupsHilbert seriesmatrix algebraminimal basisPI-algebraspolynomial identitiesrelatively free algebrasrepresentationssurveysymmetric groupsT-idealvariety
Research exposition (monographs, survey articles) pertaining to associative rings and algebras (16-02) (T)-ideals, identities, varieties of associative rings and algebras (16R10) Semiprime p.i. rings, rings embeddable in matrices over commutative rings (16R20) Trace rings and invariant theory (associative rings and algebras) (16R30) Representations of finite symmetric groups (20C30)
Let K be a field of characteristic 0 and \(M_ k\) be the matrix algebra of order k over K. One of the topical problems in the theory of PI- algebras is to describe the polynomial identities for the algebras \(M_ k\). But this problem has been resolved (to a large extent) for the case \(k=2\) only. The present survey considers most of the (quantitative) results in this area which can be obtained without using invariant theory. The most effective tools for studying identities in \(M_ 2\) are the representations of the symmetric groups \(S_ n\) and of the general linear groups \(GL_ m\) and their connection. This connection was used first by the author of the survey [see Mat. Sb., Nov. Ser. 115, 98-115 (1981; Zbl 0465.17007)] and independently by \textit{A. Berele} [Isr. J. Math. 42, 258-272 (1982; Zbl 0522.16015)] and it has proved its usefulness. As a main application of these tools the author shows how to obtain a complete description of the \(GL_ m\)-module structure of the relatively free algebras in the variety var \(M_ 2\). The author follows his paper cited above. As another application of the methods considered the author shows how one can compute the cocharacters, codimensions and Hilbert series of the T- ideal \(T(M_ 2)\) (see, e.g. \textit{V. Drensky} [J. Algebra 91, 1-17 (1984; Zbl 0552.16006)], \textit{E. Formanek} [J. Algebra 89, 178-223 (1984; Zbl 0549.16008)]). Finally, it is presented a sketch of the solution of the problem of finding a minimal basis for the identities in \(M_ 2\) (see, e.g. \textit{V. S. Drensky} [Algebra Logika 20, 282-290 (1981; Zbl 0496.16017)]).
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