The global structural stability and application of the toroidal differential equations x=a_ 1[(x-y)- x]-, y=a_ 2[(y-x)- y]-
Topological structure of integral curves, singular points, limit cycles of ordinary differential equations (34C05) Structural stability and analogous concepts of solutions to ordinary differential equations (34D30) Stability theory for smooth dynamical systems (37C75) Bifurcations of limit cycles and periodic orbits in dynamical systems (37G15) Analytic circuit theory (94C05)
\textit{F. A. Cassara, T. S. Sundresh} and \textit{H. Schachter} [IEEE Trans. Commun., COM-25, 1480-1485 (1977)] obtained a model of CCPLL describing the problem how the capacity of information can be increased and the problem of the common frequence channel resisted. The model is of the form \[ {\dot \theta}_ 1=a_ 1\{\sin (\Delta \omega t-\theta_ 1)- \sin (\theta_ 2-\theta_ 1)\},\quad {\dot \theta}_ 2=a_ 2\{\sin (\Delta \omega t-\theta_ 2)-\sin (\theta_ 1-\theta_ 2)\}. \] Let \(x=\theta_ 1-\Delta \omega t\), \(y=\theta_ 2-\Delta \omega t\). Then the model becomes \[ (1)\quad \dot x=a_ 1[\sin (x-y)-\sin x-\beta_ 1],\quad \dot y=a_ 2[\sin (y-x)-\sin y-\beta_ 2]. \] The author analyzes the number and types of the singular points of the system (1) on the torus [-\(\pi\),\(\pi\) ]\(\times [-\pi,\pi]\); (1) has only saddle, node and saddle-node points and at most six singular points. He gives the bifurcation curve on the parameter plane \((\beta_ 1,\beta_ 2)\) which is just the set of all the points \((\beta_ 1,\beta_ 2)\) such that there are saddle nodes. He proves the structural stability of the system (1) on the torus and the existence and uniqueness of the second-kind limit cycle of (1) in some cases.
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