Geometry of integral polynomials, M-ideals and unique norm preserving extensions

DOI10.1016/J.JFA.2011.12.021MaRDI QIDQ765915zbMATH OpenOpenAlexFDO

Authors Verónica Dimant, Daniel Galicer, Ricardo García

Publication date 22 March 2012

Published in Journal of Functional Analysis (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/1108.3975

zbMATH Keywords

\(M\)-idealsAron-Berner extensionextreme pointsintegral polynomialssymmetric tensor products

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Isometric theory of Banach spaces (46B04) (Spaces of) multilinear mappings, polynomials (46G25) Ideals of polynomials and of multilinear mappings in operator theory (47L22)

Abstract: We use the Aron-Berner extension to prove that the set of extreme points of the unit ball of the space of integral polynomials over a real Banach space $X$ is $pmph{i}^k:phiin{X}^{\ast },|phi|=1$. With this description we show that, for real Banach spaces $X$ and $Y$, if $X$ is a non trivial $M$-ideal in $Y$, then $$ (the $k$-th symmetric tensor product of $X$ endowed with the injective symmetric tensor norm) is emph{never} an $M$-ideal in $$. This result marks up a difference with the behavior of non-symmetric tensors since, when $X$ is an $M$-ideal in $Y$, it is known that $$ (the $k$-th tensor product of $X$ endowed with the injective tensor norm) is an $M$-ideal in $$. Nevertheless, if $X$ is Asplund, we prove that every integral $k$-homogeneous polynomial in $X$ has a unique extension to $Y$ that preserves the integral norm. We explicitly describe this extension. We also give necessary and sufficient conditions (related with the continuity of the Aron-Berner extension morphism) for a fixed $k$-homogeneous polynomial $P$ belonging to a maximal polynomial ideal $Q{(}^{k}X)$ to have a unique norm preserving extension to $Q{(}^k{X}^{\ast \ast })$. To this end, we study the relationship between the bidual of the symmetric tensor product of a Banach space and the symmetric tensor product of its bidual and show (in the presence of the BAP) that both spaces have `the same local structure'. Other applications to the metric and isomorphic theory of symmetric tensor products and polynomial ideals are also given.

Review text

Let \({\mathcal P}_I(^kX)\), \(k>1\), be the space of all integral \(k\)-homogeneous polynomials over a (real or complex) Banach space \(X\). The first result of this interesting paper asserts that, if \(X\) is a real Banach space, the set of real extreme points of the unit ball of \({\mathcal P}_I(^kX)\) is \(\{\pm \phi^k:\phi \in S_{X^*}\}\). This improves a result obtained by \textit{C. Boyd} and \textit{S. Lassalle} [Proc. Am. Math. Soc. 138, No. 4, 1415--1420 (2010; Zbl 1230.46040)], where additional hypotheses were required. As an application, the following surprising results are proved: if the real Banach space \(X\) is not reflexive, then \({\widehat\bigotimes}_{\epsilon_{k,s}}^{k,s}X\), the \(k\)-th symmetric tensor product of \(X\) endowed with the injective symmetric tensor norm, is not an \(M\)-ideal in \({\widehat\bigotimes}_{\epsilon_{k,s}}^{k,s}X^{**}\); and, similarly, if \(X\) and \(Y\) are real Banach spaces and \(X\) is a nontrivial \(M\)-ideal in \(Y\), then \({\widehat\bigotimes}_{\epsilon_{k,s}}^{k,s}X\) is not an \(M\)-ideal in \({\widehat\bigotimes}_{\epsilon_{k,s}}^{k,s}Y\). This establishes a deep difference with nonsymmetric tensor products, for which being \(M\)-ideal is stable under the formation of complete injective tensor products. It is well known that every linear functional defined on an \(M\)-ideal in a Banach space \(Y\) has a unique norm preserving extension to a functional in \(Y^*\). Even though the \(M\)-structure for symmetric tensors fails, the authors prove that, if \(X\) is an Asplund space which is an \(M\)-ideal in a Banach space \(Y\), then every integral \(k\)-homogeneous polynomial in \(X\) has a unique extension to \(Y\) that preserves the integral norm. This extension is constructed by means of the Aron-Berner extension. Among other results, it is also proved that, if \(X\) is a Banach space that contains a subspace isomorphic to \(\ell_1\) and whose dual has the metric approximation property, then the quotient space \({\mathcal P}_I(^kX)/{\mathcal P}_N(^kX)\) is nonseparable, where \({\mathcal P}_N(^kX)\) is the space of all nuclear \(k\)-homogeneous polynomials. To achieve this result, the case \(X=\ell_1\) is considered first. For \(\beta_k\) a finitely generated \(s\)-tensor norm of order \(k\), let \({\mathcal P}_{\beta_k}\) be the polynomial ideal dual to this tensor norm. That is, for a Banach space \(X\), \({\mathcal P}_{\beta_k}(^kX)=({\widehat\bigotimes}_{\beta_k}^{k,s}X)^*\). The authors examine the local geometry of the bidual of \({\widehat\bigotimes}_{\beta_{k}}^{k,s}X\). They introduce a canonical application \(\Theta_{\beta_k}\) from \({\widehat\bigotimes}_{\beta_{k}}^{k,s}X^{**}\) into \(({\widehat\bigotimes}_{\beta_{k}}^{k,s}X)^{**}\) and investigate when this application is an isomorphism. Consequences in the holomorphic setting are also considered. This study is used to find necessary and sufficient conditions that assure that a given \(k\)-homogeneous polynomial belonging to a maximal polynomial ideal \({\mathcal Q}(^kX)\) has a unique norm preserving extensions in \({\mathcal Q}(^kX^{**})\). The related case of the ideal of continuous homogeneous polynomials was first considered by \textit{R. Aron, C. Boyd} and \textit{Y. S. Choi} [J. Aust. Math. Soc. 70, No. 3, 387--400 (2001; Zbl 1036.46032)]. In the spirit of \textit{R. M. Aron} and \textit{S. Dineen} [Rocky Mt. J. Math. 27, No. 4, 1009--1025 (1997; Zbl 0916.46011)], the authors define a Banach space \(X\) to be \(Q_{\beta}^k\)-reflexive if \(\Theta_{\beta_k}^*:{\mathcal P}_{\beta_k}(^kX)^{**}\to{\mathcal P}_{\beta_k}(^kX^{**})\) is an isomorphism. \(Q_{\beta}^k\)-reflexivity is studied and examples are provided.

Recommendations

• M-ideals of homogeneous polynomials
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Cited in

(10)

• Some progress on the polynomial Dunford-Pettis property
• Biduals of tensor products in operator spaces
• A note on geometric involutive bases for positive dimensional polynomial ideals and SDP methods
• Quasilinear mappings, M-ideals and polyhedra
• On \((L,M)\)-double fuzzy remote neighborhood systems in \((L,M)\)-DFTML
• M-structures in vector-valued polynomial spaces
• Extension of polynomials and John’s theorem for symmetric tensor products
• Representable and Radon-Nikodým polynomials
• Linearization of holomorphic Lipschitz functions
• Extending polynomials in maximal and minimal ideals

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