Permutads via operadic categories, and the hidden associahedron

Quadratic and Koszul algebras (16S37) Algebraic operads, cooperads, and Koszul duality (18M70) Combinatorial properties of polytopes and polyhedra (number of faces, shortest paths, etc.) (52B05) Special polytopes (linear programming, centrally symmetric, etc.) (52B12)

Abstract: The present article exploits the fact that permutads (aka shuffle algebras) are algebras over a terminal operad in a certain operadic category Per. In the first, classical part we formulate and prove a claim envisaged by Loday and Ronco that the cellular chains of the permutohedra form the minimal model of the terminal permutad which is moreover, in the sense we define, self-dual and Koszul. In the second part we study Koszulity of Per-operads. Among other things we prove that the terminal Per-operad is Koszul self-dual. We then describe strongly homotopy permutads as algebras of its minimal model. Our paper shall advertise analogous future results valid in general operadic categories, and the prominent role of operadic (op)fibrations in the related theory.

Review text

Permutads or shuffle algebras were introduced by J.-L.Loday and M.O.Ronco. This notion proved to be important in combinatorics. The paper of Markl is devoted to the Koszul duality theory for permutads and \(\mathtt{Per}\)-operads. The following is a quote from the abstract: ``The present article exploits the fact that permutads (aka shuffle algebras) are algebras over a terminal operad in a certain operadic category \(\mathtt{Per}.\) In the first, classical part we formulate and prove a claim envisaged by Loday and Ronco that the cellular chains of the permutohedra form the minimal model of the terminal permutad which is moreover, in the sense we define, self-dual and Koszul. In the second part we study Koszulity of \(\mathtt{Per}\)-operads. Among other things we prove that the terminal \(\mathtt{Per}\)-operad is Koszul self-dual. We then describe strongly homotopy permutads as algebras of its minimal model. Besides the results mentioned above, the paper contains a lot of useful references and examples and can be used as an excellent introduction (and, indeed, has been written for this purpose) to a more general Kozsul duality theory for operads and their algebras in general operadic categories. Reviewer's remark. The reference [3] from the paper is outdated. An extended and improved version of Kozsul duality in operadic categories can be found in the following more recent preprints [\textit{M. A. Batanin} and \textit{M. Markl}, ``Operadic categories as a natural environment for Koszul duality, Preprint \url{arXiv:1812.02935}; ``Koszul duality for operadic categories, Preprint, \url{arXiv:2105.05198}; \textit{M. A. Batanin} et al., ``Minimal models for graph-related (hyper)operads; Preprint, \url{arXiv 2002.06640}].

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