Proof of some conjectures involving quadratic residues

DOI10.3934/ERA.2020031zbMATH Open1461.11011arXiv1907.12981OpenAlexW3009396492WikidataQ122966247 ScholiaQ122966247MaRDI QIDQ779882FDOQ779882

Authors: D. Kharzeev 

Publication date: 14 July 2020

Published in: Electronic Research Archive (Search for Journal in Brave)

Abstract: We confirm several conjectures of Sun involving quadratic residues modulo odd primes. For any prime $pequiv1pmod4$ and integer $aotequiv0pmodp$, we prove that �egin{align*}&(-1)^{|{1le k<frac p4: (frac kp)=-1}|}prod_{1le j<kle(p-1)/2}(e^{2pi iaj^2/p}+e^{2pi iak^2/p}) \=&�egin{cases}1& ext{if} pequiv1pmod 8,\left(frac ap ight)varepsilon_p^{-(frac ap)h(p)}& ext{if} pequiv5pmod8,end{cases} end{align*} and that �egin{align*}&left|left{(j,k): 1le j<klefrac{p-1}2 & {aj^2}_p>{ak^2}_p ight} ight| \&+left|left{(j,k): 1le j<klefrac{p-1}2 & {ak^2-aj^2}_p>frac p2 ight} ight| \equiv&left|left{1le k<frac p4: left(frac kp ight)=left(frac ap ight) ight} ight|pmod2. end{align*} where $(fracap)$ is the Legendre symbol, $varepsilo{n}_p$ and $h(p)$ are the fundamental unit and the class number of the real quadratic field $mathbbQ(sqrtp)$ respectively, and $x_p$ is the least nonnegative residue of an integer $x$ modulo $p$. Also, for any prime $pequiv3pmod4$ and $delta=1,2$, we determine ${\displaystyle }$(-1)^{left|left{(j,k): 1le j<kle(p-1)/2 ext{and} {delta T_j}_p>{delta T_k}_p ight} ight|},${\displaystyle }$ where $T_m$ denotes the triangular number $m(m+1)/2$.

Full work available at URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/1907.12981

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zbMATH Keywords

permutationsquadratic fieldsroots of unitytriangular numbersquadratic residues modulo primes

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Permutations, words, matrices (05A05) Power residues, reciprocity (11A15) Quadratic extensions (11R11) Exponential and trigonometric functions (33B10)

Cites Work

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• A distribution property of Legendre symbols
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Cited In (12)

• About quadratic residues in a class of rings
• AN ELEMENTARY PROOF IN THE THEORY OF QUADRATIC RESIDUES
• A conjecture of Sárközy on quadratic residues
• On the \(Q\)-analogue of quadratic residues
• CUBES IN FINITE FIELDS AND RELATED PERMUTATIONS
• On a mixed Littlewood conjecture for quadratic numbers
• Note on a theorem on quadratic residues
• On consecutive quadratic non-residues: a conjecture of Issai Schur.
• Proof of a conjecture involving derangements and roots of unity
• Products of quadratic residues and related identities
• Permutations involving squares in finite fields
• Title not available (Why is that?)

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