Proof of some conjectures involving quadratic residues

DOI10.3934/ERA.2020031MaRDI QIDQ779882zbMATH OpenOpenAlexWikidataFDO

Authors D. Kharzeev

Publication date 14 July 2020

Published in Electronic Research Archive (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/1907.12981

zbMATH Keywords

permutationsquadratic fieldsquadratic residues modulo primesroots of unitytriangular numbers

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Permutations, words, matrices (05A05) Power residues, reciprocity (11A15) Quadratic extensions (11R11) Exponential and trigonometric functions (33B10)

Abstract: We confirm several conjectures of Sun involving quadratic residues modulo odd primes. For any prime $pequiv1pmod4$ and integer $aotequiv0pmodp$, we prove that �egin{align*}&(-1)^{|{1le k<frac p4: (frac kp)=-1}|}prod_{1le j<kle(p-1)/2}(e^{2pi iaj^2/p}+e^{2pi iak^2/p}) \=&�egin{cases}1& ext{if} pequiv1pmod 8,\left(frac ap ight)varepsilon_p^{-(frac ap)h(p)}& ext{if} pequiv5pmod8,end{cases} end{align*} and that �egin{align*}&left|left{(j,k): 1le j<klefrac{p-1}2 & {aj^2}_p>{ak^2}_p ight} ight| \&+left|left{(j,k): 1le j<klefrac{p-1}2 & {ak^2-aj^2}_p>frac p2 ight} ight| \equiv&left|left{1le k<frac p4: left(frac kp ight)=left(frac ap ight) ight} ight|pmod2. end{align*} where $(fracap)$ is the Legendre symbol, $varepsilo{n}_p$ and $h(p)$ are the fundamental unit and the class number of the real quadratic field $mathbbQ(sqrtp)$ respectively, and $x_p$ is the least nonnegative residue of an integer $x$ modulo $p$. Also, for any prime $pequiv3pmod4$ and $delta=1,2$, we determine ${\displaystyle }$(-1)^{left|left{(j,k): 1le j<kle(p-1)/2 ext{and} {delta T_j}_p>{delta T_k}_p ight} ight|},${\displaystyle }$ where $T_m$ denotes the triangular number $m(m+1)/2$.

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Cited in

(14)

• On consecutive quadratic non-residues: a conjecture of Issai Schur.
• A conjecture of Sárközy on quadratic residues
• A new theorem on quadratic residues modulo primes
• On a mixed Littlewood conjecture for quadratic numbers
• Permutations involving squares in finite fields
• Proof of a conjecture involving derangements and roots of unity
• On conjectures of T. Ordowski and Z. W. Sun concerning primes and quadratic forms
• AN ELEMENTARY PROOF IN THE THEORY OF QUADRATIC RESIDUES
• On the Q-analogue of quadratic residues
• Products of quadratic residues and related identities
• CUBES IN FINITE FIELDS AND RELATED PERMUTATIONS
• scientific article; zbMATH DE number 3241417 (Why is no real title available?)
• Note on a theorem on quadratic residues
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