A criterion for analytic hypoellipticity of a class of differential operators with polynomial coefficients

Linear higher-order PDEs (35G05) Hypoelliptic equations (35H10) Higher-order elliptic equations (35J30) Pseudodifferential operators as generalizations of partial differential operators (35S05)

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The authors study microlocal analytic hypoellipticity and analytic hypoellipticity for various classes of pseudodifferential operators with polynomial coefficients and multiple characteristics. For the first result, we consider operators \(P(t,D_ t,D_ y)\) acting on \({\mathcal D}'({\mathbb{R}}_{t,y}^{n_ 1+n_ 2}).\) It is assumed that P is transversally elliptic on the characteristic variety. If \(\eta\) is the space variable, we write \(\omega =\eta /| \eta |\), \(z=| \eta |^{-1/2}\), \(t'=z^{-1}t\) and (using the Grušin decomposition for pseudodifferential operators with polynomial coefficients into homogeneous components) \[ z^{-2\mu -m}\quad P(\eta)=A_{(z,\omega)}(t',D_ t)=\sum_{j}z^ j\quad A_{m- j}(1,\omega)(t',D_{t'}) \] \[ A_{(0,\omega)}(t',D_{t'})=A_ m(1,\omega)(t',D_{t'})=\sum_{| \alpha +\beta | \leq m}C^ m_{\alpha \beta}(\omega)t^{\prime\alpha}D^{\beta}_{t'}=P_ m(\eta /| \eta |). \] For \(| z|<\delta\), \(| \omega - \omega_ 0|<\delta\), the spaces \(E_ 1(z,w)\), \(E_ 2(z,w)\) are the perturbations respectively, of the kernels of \(A(0,\omega_ 0)\) and \(A^*(0,\omega_ 0)\). Let M(z,\(\omega)\) be the matrix of \(A(z,\omega):\quad E_ 1(z,\omega)\to E_ 2(z,\omega)\) with respect to orthonormal bases \(\{h^ i_ j(t',z,\omega)\}\) for these spaces. Finally let \(M(\eta)=M(| \eta |^{-1/2},\eta /| \eta |)\) with respect to the bases \(\{h^ i_ j(t| \eta |^{1/2},| \eta |^{-1/2},\eta /| \eta |)\}.\) Theorem: The operator \(P(t,D_ t,D_ y)\) is microlocally analytic hypoelliptic (resp. \(C^{\infty}\) hypoelliptic) at \((0,y_ 0;0,\eta_ 0)\) if and only if \(M(D_ y)\) is microlocally analytic hypoelliptic (resp. \(C^{\infty}\) hypoelliptic) at \((y_ 0,\eta_ 0).\) Corollary: If the index of \(P(\eta)\) is positive, then \(P(t,D_ t,D_ y)\) is microlocally neither \(C^{\infty}\) nor analytic hypoelliptic at \((0,y_ 0\); \(0,\eta_ 0).\) Theorem: If the index of \(P(\eta)\) is zero, then the following are equivalent: \((i)\quad P(t,D_ t,D_ y)\) is analytic hypoelliptic at \((0,y_ 0;0,\eta_ 0). (ii)\quad P^*P(t,D_ t,D_ y)\) is analytic hypoelliptic at \((0,y_ 0,0,\eta_ 0).\) (iii) There exists \(\delta>0\) such that \(P(\eta)\) is injective for all \(\eta \in {\mathbb{C}}^{\eta_ 2}\), \(| \eta |>\delta^{-2}\), \(| \eta /| \eta | - \eta_ 0/| \eta_ 0| |<\delta.\) (iv) The product of the small eigenvalues of \(P^*P(\eta)\) is elliptic at \(\eta_ 0.\) Results are also obtained for pseudodifferential operators on nilpotent Lie groups of step two. - The exposition in this paper is of exceptionally high quality.

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