Some finite groups which appear as Gal L/K, where K Q( _ n)

algebraic function field compact Riemann surface congruence subgroup cusps cyclotomic field discrete subgroups of \(PSL_ 2({\mathbb{R}})\)finite simple groups Fischer-Griess monster as Galois group over \({\mathbb{Q}}\)fundamental group group of covering transformations inverse problem of Galois theory modular curve Puiseux-series ramification points rigid simple groups

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Galois theory (11R32) Arithmetic theory of algebraic function fields (11R58) Separable extensions, Galois theory (12F10) Algebraic functions and function fields in algebraic geometry (14H05) Finite automorphism groups of algebraic, geometric, or combinatorial structures (20B25) Simple groups: alternating groups and groups of Lie type (20D06) Simple groups: sporadic groups (20D08) Representations of groups as automorphism groups of algebraic systems (20F29) Unimodular groups, congruence subgroups (group-theoretic aspects) (20H05) Compact Riemann surfaces and uniformization (30F10)

Review text

The topic of this paper is the famous 'inverse problem' of Galois theory: Which groups occur as Galois groups over a fixed ground field k? \(k={\mathbb{Q}}\) or k a small extension of \({\mathbb{Q}}\) are of special interest. The most striking consequence of this work is the realization of the Fischer-Griess monster as a Galois group over \({\mathbb{Q}}.\) The author deals more general with non-abelian finite simple groups F that are 'rigid'. This means: there are conjugacy classes \(C_ 1,...,C_ k\) in F, such that i) F is generated by \(x_ 1,...,x_ k\) for every \((x_ 1,...,x_ k)\in C_ 1\times...\times C_ k\) with \(x_ 1\cdot...\cdot x_ k=1,\) and ii) F operates (by conjugation) transitively on these generators \((x_ 1,...,x_ k).\) This is the fundamental group theoretical concept. Examples of rigid simple groups given by the author are the Fischer-Griess monster and the groups \(PSL(2,2^ n)\). The author then constructs Galois extensions \(L| K\) of some cyclotomic field K with a given rigid group F as Galois group, and more general: Galois extensions \(N| {\mathbb{Q}}\) with a Galois group built out of F in an explicit form. The construction of these field extensions is based on the theory of Riemann surfaces and of discrete subgroups of \(PSL_ 2({\mathbb{R}})\). The proof is rather long and involved, containing a study of the congruence subgroup \(\Gamma_ 0(12)\) with its corresponding modular curve \(X_ 0(12)\), and explicit calculations in terms of Puiseux-series. To fix the ideas behind all this one should add: A group G generated by \(x_ 1,...,x_ k\) \(with\quad x_ 1\cdot...\cdot x_ k=1\) can be realized as the group of covering transformations of some compact Riemann surface \(X\to {\mathbb{P}}^ 1({\mathbb{C}})\), unramified outside k points in \({\mathbb{P}}^ 1({\mathbb{C}})\). Hence G is the Galois group of an algebraic function field L over the field of rational functions \({\mathbb{C}}(T)\). Here \({\mathbb{C}}\) may be replaced by \({\bar {\mathbb{Q}}}\), the field of algebraic numbers. The main problem then is, to reduce \({\bar {\mathbb{Q}}}\) further to some small subfield K. In the authors exposition \(X_ 0(12)\) plays the role of \({\mathbb{P}}^ 1({\mathbb{C}})\), and the ramification points are the six cusps of \(X_ 0(12)\). To reduce the field K of definition for \(L| {\mathbb{C}}(T)\) he uses explicit calculations in terms of Puiseux-series. One should add that in general - by the work of B. H. Matzat - one can get information about K in purely group theoretical terms of F, and at this point the rigidity of F comes in.

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