Isomonodromic and bispectral properties of the generalized Knizhnik-Zamolodchikov equations
bispectral problemFrobenius conditionisomonodromic deformationKnizhnik-Zamolodchikov equationsmeromorphic system
Moduli and deformations for ordinary differential equations (e.g., Knizhnik-Zamolodchikov equation) (32G34) Singularities, monodromy and local behavior of solutions to ordinary differential equations in the complex domain, normal forms (34M35) Painlevé and other special ordinary differential equations in the complex domain; classification, hierarchies (34M55)
Let \(\mathfrak g\) be a simple finite-dimensional Lie algebra, \(R(\mathfrak g)\) the corresponding root system. Consider the generalized Knizhnik-Zamolodchikov equation \[ \frac{\partial \Psi (z_1,\ldots,z_n;\lambda)}{\partial z_i}= h\Bigg(\sum_{j \neq i=1} ^n \frac {t^{(ij)}}{z_i-z_j} +\lambda^i \Bigg)\Psi (z_1,\ldots,z_n;\lambda). \] Here \(h\) is a complex parameter, \(t^{(ij)}\) is the Belavin-Drinfeld tensor, acting on the \(i\)-th and \(j\)-th factors of the tensor product \(V=V_1^{\otimes (n+1)}\), \(V_i\) are the representation spaces. The spectral parameter \(\lambda\) is an element of the Cartan subalgebra \(\mathfrak h \in \mathfrak g\), \(\lambda^i\) denotes the action on the \(i\)-th factor of \(V\). The solution of this equation \(\Psi (z_1,\ldots,z_n;\lambda)\) is an eigenvalue of the commutative algebra \(\mathcal A\) generated by KZ operators \[ \nabla_i=\frac{\partial}{\partial z_i}-h\Bigg(\sum_{j \neq i=1} ^n \frac{t^{(ij)}}{z_i-z_j} \Bigg). \] In the paper the bispectral problem is considered for the generalized KZ equation. The generalized bispectral problem consists in finding the algebra \(\mathcal B\) of commmuting differential operators with respect to the coordinates of the spectral parameter \(\lambda=\sum_{i=1} ^n \lambda _i e_i\) for whose elements the function \(\Psi(z,\lambda)\) is also an eigenfunction in some generalized sense and the elements of the algebra \(\mathcal B\) commute with the elements of the algebra \(\mathcal A\), and the eigenvalues corrsponding to the eigenfunction \(\Psi(z,\lambda)\) with respect to the generating operators of \(\mathcal B\) are equal to \(\mu_k=\sum_{i=1}^n z_i \omega_k ^{(i)}\) where \(\omega_k ^{(i)}\) are the fundamental weights of the root system \(R(\mathfrak g)\). The author asserts that the condition of bispectral duality for algebras \(\mathcal A\) and \(\mathcal B\) is equivalent to the Frobenius integrability condition for the meromorphic differential equation (6) in the reviewed paper and obtained earlier in [\textit{G. Felder, Y. Markov, V. Tarasov} and \textit{A. Varchenko}, Math. Phys. Anal. Geom. 3, No. 2, 139--177 (2000; Zbl 0984.35134)] and [\textit{V. Toledano Laredo}, Duke Math. J. 112, No. 3, 421--451 (2002; Zbl 1016.17010)], but the authors of these papers do not give such treatment for this equation. This equation is obtained if we introduce into the set of deformation parameters the coordinates of \(\lambda\). Since the proof is very long, the author does not give it. This assertion is connected to the root system of \(A_n\) type. Further, in short conclusion the author (without proof) asserts that similar duality (for isomonodromy and bispectrality) exists for the generalized KZ equation associated to the root system \(B_n\).
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