Three-dimensional and four-dimensional scalar, vector, tensor cosmological fluctuations and the cosmological decomposition theorem

DOI10.1007/S10714-020-02757-0zbMATH Open1465.83010arXiv1912.10448OpenAlexW3109173482MaRDI QIDQ828804FDOQ828804

Authors: Matthew G. Phelps, Asanka Amarasinghe, Philip D. Mannheim 

Publication date: 5 May 2021

Published in: General Relativity and Gravitation (Search for Journal in Brave)

Abstract: In cosmological perturbation theory it is convenient to use the scalar, vector, tensor (SVT) basis as defined according to how these components transform under 3-dimensional rotations. In attempting to solve the fluctuation equations that are automatically written in terms of gauge-invariant combinations of these components, the equations are taken to break up into separate SVT sectors, the decomposition theorem. Here, without needing to specify a gauge, we solve the fluctuation equations exactly for some standard cosmologies, to show that in general the various gauge-invariant combinations only separate at a higher-derivative level. To achieve separation at the level of the fluctuation equations themselves one has to assume boundary conditions for the higher-derivative equations. While asymptotic conditions suffice for fluctuations around a dS background or a $k=0$ RW background, for fluctuations around a $keq0$ RW background one additionally has to require that the fluctuations be well-behaved at the origin. We show that in certain cases the gauge-invariant combinations themselves involve both scalars and vectors. For such cases there is no decomposition theorem for the individual SVT components themselves, but for the gauge-invariant combinations there still can be. Given the lack of manifest covariance in defining a basis with respect to 3-dimensional rotations, we introduce an alternate SVT basis whose components are defined according to how they transform under 4-dimensional general coordinate transformations. With this basis the fluctuation equations greatly simplify, and while one can again break them up into separate gauge-invariant sectors at the higher-derivative level, in general we find that even with boundary conditions we do not obtain a decomposition theorem in which the fluctuations separate at the level of the fluctuation equations themselves.

Full work available at URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/1912.10448

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zbMATH Keywords

decomposition theoremcosmological perturbation theoryfour-dimensional formalism

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Einstein's equations (general structure, canonical formalism, Cauchy problems) (83C05) Approximation procedures, weak fields in general relativity and gravitational theory (83C25) Relativistic cosmology (83F05) Research exposition (monographs, survey articles) pertaining to relativity and gravitational theory (83-02)

Cites Work

• Cosmology.
• Physical Foundations of Cosmology
• Relativistic cosmology
• Cosmological perturbations from a group theoretical point of view
• Making the case for conformal gravity
• The Primordial Density Perturbation
• Perturbations of Friedmann-Robertson-Walker cosmological models
• Proof of a decomposition theorem for symmetric tensors on spaces with constant curvature

Cited In (3)

• Critique of the use of geodesics in astrophysics and cosmology
• Proof of a decomposition theorem for symmetric tensors on spaces with constant curvature
• Locally extracting scalar, vector and tensor modes in cosmological perturbation theory

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