On admissible positions of transonic shocks for steady Euler flows in a 3-D axisymmetric cylindrical nozzle

Existence problems for PDEs: global existence, local existence, non-existence (35A01) Uniqueness problems for PDEs: global uniqueness, local uniqueness, non-uniqueness (35A02) Axially symmetric solutions to PDEs (35B07) Perturbations in context of PDEs (35B20) Stability in context of PDEs (35B35) Smoothness and regularity of solutions to PDEs (35B65) Boundary value problems for first-order elliptic systems (35J56) Hyperbolic conservation laws (35L65) Shocks and singularities for hyperbolic equations (35L67) Euler equations (35Q31) Free boundary problems for PDEs (35R35) General aerodynamics and subsonic flows (76G25) Transonic flows (76H05) Supersonic flows (76J20) Shock waves and blast waves in fluid mechanics (76L05) Existence, uniqueness, and regularity theory for compressible fluids and gas dynamics (76N10)

Abstract: This paper concerns with the existence of transonic shocks for steady Euler flows in a 3-D axisymmetric cylindrical nozzle, which are governed by the Euler equations with the slip boundary condition on the wall of the nozzle and a receiver pressure at the exit. Mathematically, it can be formulated as a free boundary problem with the shock front being the free boundary to be determined. In dealing with the free boundary problem, one of the key points is determining the position of the shock front. To this end, a free boundary problem for the linearized Euler system will be proposed, whose solution gives an initial approximating position of the shock front. Compared with 2-D case, new difficulties arise due to the additional 0-order terms and singularities along the symmetric axis. New observation and careful analysis will be done to overcome these difficulties. Once the initial approximation is obtained, a nonlinear iteration scheme can be carried out, which converges to a transonic shock solution to the problem.

Review text

The authors analyze the existence of transonic shocks for steady Euler flows in a 3-D axisymmetric cylindrical nozzle defined as \(\widetilde{\mathcal{N}} = \{(z,r) \in \mathbb{R}^{2} \): \(0 < z < L\), \(0 < r < 1 +\varphi (z) \}\), where \(\varphi (z)=\int_{0}^{z}\tan (\sigma \Theta (\tau ))d\tau \), for a given positive function \(\Theta \in C^{2,\alpha }([0,L])\). The authors start from the Euler equations written in this axisymmetric situation as: \(\partial _{z}(r\rho u)+\partial _{r}(r\rho v)=0\), \(\partial _{z}(\rho uv)+\partial _{r}(p+\rho v^{2})+\frac{\rho v^{2}}{r}=0\), \(\partial _{z}(p+\rho u^{2})+\partial _{r}(\rho uv)+\frac{\rho uv}{r}=0\), \(\partial _{z}(r\rho uB)+\partial _{r}(r\rho vB)=0\), where \(u=u_{1}\), \(v=u_{2}\cos \overline{\omega } +u_{3}\sin \overline{\omega }\) mean the velocity field, \(\rho \) is the density, \(p\) is the pressure and \(B=\frac{1}{2}\left\vert \mathbf{u}\right\vert ^{2}+i\) is Bernoulli's constant, \(i\) being the enthalpy. The fluid is supposed to be a polytropic gas with the state equation \(p=A(s)\rho ^{\gamma }\), where \(s\) is the entropy, \(\gamma >1\) is the adiabatic exponent, and \( A(s)=(\gamma -1)\exp(\frac{s-s_{0}}{c_{\upsilon }})\), \(c_{\upsilon }\) being the specific heat at constant volume. In the case of a single shock front located at \(\Gamma _{s}^{\widetilde{\mathcal{N}}}=\{z=\psi _{\widetilde{ \mathcal{N}}}(r)\}\), the nozzle is divided in two pieces \(\widetilde{ \mathcal{N}}_{-}=\{(z,r)\in \mathbb{R}^{2}:0 < z < \psi _{\widetilde{\mathcal{N}} }(r)\), \(0 < r < 1+\varphi (z)\}\), \(\widetilde{\mathcal{N}}_{+}=\{(z,r)\in \mathbb{R}^{2}:\psi _{\widetilde{\mathcal{N}}}(r) < z < L\), \(0 < r<1+\varphi (z)\}\). The authors consider Rankine-Hugoniot conditions on the shock front and a slip boundary condition on the wall of the nozzle. A supersonic state is imposed at the entrance of the nozzle and the pressure is known at the exit of the nozzle. Under further hypotheses on the data of the problem and assuming that the parameter \(\sigma \) which appears in the above definition of \(\varphi \), the authors prove the existence of at least one transonic shock solution to this free boundary problem. For the proof, the authors first introduce a modified Lagrange transformation already presented by \textit{S. Weng} et al. [``Structural stability of the transonic shock problem in a divergent three-dimensional axisymmetric perturbed nozzle, Preprint, \url{arXiv:1908.01694}], which brings the above axisymmetric domain to a rectangle. They describe a free boundary problem for the linearized Euler system, which allows to determine an initial approximation. They establish a well-posed theory for a boundary value problem of the elliptic sub-system of this linearized Euler system at the subsonic state behind the shock front and they prove the existence of a solution to such problem under some solvability condition to be imposed on the boundary data. This allows to determine the position of the free boundary. The authors then apply a nonlinear iteration scheme, starting from the initial approximation, and this scheme is proved to be well-defined and contractive.

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