The subadditive ergodic theorem and generic stretching factors for free group automorphisms.

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DOI10.1007/S11856-006-0001-7MaRDI QIDQ877464zbMATH OpenOpenAlexFDO

Authors Ilya Kapovich, Vadim A. Kaimanovich, Paul E. Schupp

Publication date 23 April 2007

Published in Israel Journal of Mathematics (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/math/0504105

zbMATH Keywords

automorphisms Cayley graphs free groups homomorphisms free actions translation numbers generic stretching factors left-invariant semi-norms

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Sums of independent random variables; random walks (60G50) Free nonabelian groups (20E05) Automorphisms of infinite groups (20E36) Geometric group theory (20F65) Ergodic theorems, spectral theory, Markov operators (37A30)

Abstract: Given a free group

F_{k}

of rank

k g e 2

with a fixed set of free generators we associate to any homomorphism

p h i

from

F_{k}

to a group

G

with a left-invariant semi-norm a generic stretching factor,

l a m b d a (p h i)

, which is a non-commutative generalization of the translation number. We concentrate on the situation when

p h i : F_{k} o A u t (X)

corresponds to a free action of

F_{k}

on a simplicial tree

X

, in particular, when

p h i

corresponds to the action of

F_{k}

on its Cayley graph via an automorphism of

F_{k}

. In this case we are able to obtain some detailed ``arithmetic information about the possible values of $l a m b d a = l a m b d a (p h i)$ . We show that $l a m b d a g e 1$ and is a rational number with $2 k l a m b d a i n m a t h b b Z [f r a c 1 2 k - 1]$ for every $p h i i n A u t (F_{k})$ . We also prove that the set of all $l a m b d a (p h i)$ , where $p h i$ varies over $A u t (F_{k})$ , has a gap between 1 and $1 + f r a c 2 k - 3 2 k^{2} - k$ , and the value 1 is attained only for ``trivial reasons. Furthermore, there is an algorithm which, when given

p h i

, calculates

l a m b d a (p h i)

.

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