Supertropical quadratic forms. I.

DOI10.1016/J.JPAA.2015.05.043MaRDI QIDQ886953zbMATH OpenOpenAlexFDO

Authors Zur Izhakian, Manfred Knebusch, Louis Rowen

Publication date 27 October 2015

Published in Journal of Pure and Applied Algebra (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/1309.5729

companion bilinear form quadratic form quasilinear rigid semiring supertropical tropical

Quadratic and bilinear Diophantine equations (11D09) Algebraic theory of quadratic forms; Witt groups and rings (11E81) Valuation rings (13F30) Quadratic and bilinear forms, inner products (15A63) Valuations, completions, formal power series and related constructions (associative rings and algebras) (16W60) Semirings (16Y60)

Abstract: We initiate the theory of a quadratic form

q

over a semiring

R

. As customary, one can write

q(x+y) = q(x) + q(y)+ b(x,y),

where

b

is a companion bilinear form. But in contrast to the ring-theoretic case, the companion bilinear form need not be uniquely defined. Nevertheless,

q

can always be written as a sum of quadratic forms

q = k a p p a + h o,

where

k a p p a

is quasilinear in the sense that

k a p p a (x + y) = k a p p a (x) + k a p p a (y),

and

h o

is rigid in the sense that it has a unique companion. In case that

R

is a supersemifield (cf. Definition 4.1 below) and

q

is defined on a free

R

-module, we obtain an explicit classification of these decompositions

q = k a p p a + h o

and of all companions

b

of

q

. As an application to tropical geometry, given a quadratic form

q : V o R

on a free module

V

over a commutative ring

R

and a supervaluation

v a r p h i : R o U

with values in a supertropical semiring [5], we define - after choosing a base

L = (v_{i} | i i n I)

of

V

- a quadratic form

q^{v} a r p h i : U^{(I)} o U

on the free module

U^{(I)}

over the semiring

U

. The analysis of quadratic forms over a supertropical semiring enables one to measure the "position" of

q

with respect to

L

via

v a r p h i

.

Review text

For any module \(V\) over a semiring \(R\), a quadratic form on \(V\) is a function \(q : V \rightarrow R\) with \(q(ax) = a^2q(x)\) for any \(a \in R\), \(x \in V\), together with a symmetric bilinear form \(b : V \times V \rightarrow R\) such that \(q(x + y) = q(x) + q(y) + b(x,y)\) for any \(x, y \in V\). Any such bilinear form \(b\) will be called a companion of \(q\), and the pair \((q, b)\) will be called a quadratic pair on \(V\) . The authors study quadratic forms over semirings in great detail. The chapter headings indicate the scope of the investigation: Quadratic forms over a semiring; Quasilinear quadratic forms; Rigidity; The quasilinear-rigid decomposition; Upper bound semirings; Companions on a free module; The companions of a quadratic form over a tangible supersemifield; A closer study of Rig(q); The supertropicalizations of a quadratic form. In particular they show that the quadratic form \(q\) can always be written as a sum of quadratic forms \(q = q_{QL} +\rho\), where \(q_{QL}(x + y) = q_{QL}(x) + q_{QL}(y)\), and \(\rho\) has a unique companion. If \(R\) is supertropical, the authors obtain an explicit classification of the decompositions \(q = q_{QL} + \rho\) and of all companions \(b\) of \(q\), and they show how this relates to the tropicalization procedure.

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