Sets of points of symmetric continuity

DOI10.1007/S00153-015-0441-ZMaRDI QIDQ892135zbMATH OpenOpenAlexFDO

Publication date 18 November 2015

Published in Archive for Mathematical Logic (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://doi.org/10.1007/s00153-015-0441-z

meager measure zero sets of symmetric continuity weakly independent set

Continuity and related questions (modulus of continuity, semicontinuity, discontinuities, etc.) for real functions in one variable (26A15) Classification of real functions; Baire classification of sets and functions (26A21)

Review text

A function \(f:\mathbb R\to\mathbb R\) is said to be symmetrically continuous at \(x\in\mathbb R\), denoted by \(x\in\text{SC}(f)\), if \(f(x+h)-f(x-h)\to0\) as \(h\to0\). It is an open problem (referred to \textit{S. Marcus} [Acad. Republ. Popul. Romîne, Bul. Şti., Secţ. Şti. Mat. Fiz. 7, 871--886 (1955; Zbl 0067.03504)]) to find a sufficient and necessary condition for a subset \(A\subset\mathbb R\) to be of the form \(A=\text{SC}(f)\) for some \(f\). The article under review spins around this problem. The main part consists of four sections (2--5). In Section 2, several results on possible forms of \(\text{SC}(f)\), \(\text{C}(f)\) (the set of all continuity points of \(f\)), \(\text{C}^+(f)\) (the set of all \(x\) such that a finite limit of \(f\) at \(x\) exists) and \(\text{C}^+(f)\setminus\text{C}(f)\), \(\text{SC}(f)\setminus\text{C}^+(f)\) are provided, those on \(\text{C}(f)\) and \(\text{C}^+(f)\) in an abstract setting (Polish spaces). In Section 3, the author reviews certain concepts of symmetric-like properties for sets, which then are used in some results on \(\text{SC}(f)\). For example, Bernstein sets \(B\) such that \(\text{SC}(\chi_B)=B\) and \(\text{SC}(\chi_B)=\mathbb R\setminus B\) are constructed (Theorem 3.13). The problem of characterizing sets \(\text{SC}(f)\) is intimately related to the problem of characterizing sets of the form \(\text{SC}(f)\setminus\text{C}(f)\). As for the latter, it is known that such sets have to be small in a sense. Namely, a Fried's result [\textit{H. Fried}, Fundam. Math. 29, 134--137 (1937; Zbl 0017.15904)] says that for every \(f:\mathbb R\to\mathbb R\) the set \(\text{SC}(f)\setminus\text{C}(f)\) contains no subset with Baire property that isn't meager. From a dual result by \textit{C. L. Belna} [Proc. Am. Math. Soc. 87, 99--102 (1983; Zbl 0515.26003)], we know that \(\text{SC}(f)\setminus\text{C}(f)\) has inner measure being null. Section 4 of the present work brings a generalization for both Fried's and Belna's results (Theorem 4.2). The last Section 5 is less related to symmetric continuity. It contains some results on existence of perfect nowhere dense sets \(A\) with \(A-A\) having nonempty interior.

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