Applications of stable polynomials to mixed determinants: Johnson's conjectures, unimodality, and symmetrized Fischer products

Determinants, permanents, traces, other special matrix functions (15A15) Matrix pencils (15A22) Miscellaneous inequalities involving matrices (15A45) Positive matrices and their generalizations; cones of matrices (15B48) Zeros of polynomials, rational functions, and other analytic functions of one complex variable (e.g., zeros of functions with bounded Dirichlet integral) (30C15)

Abstract: For

n i m e s n

matrices

A

and

B

define

eta(A,B)=sum_{S}det(A[S])det(B[S']),

where the summation is over all subsets of

1, ..., n

,

S^{'}

is the complement of

S

, and

A [S]

is the principal submatrix of

A

with rows and columns indexed by

S

. We prove that if

A g e q 0

and

B

is Hermitian then (1) the polynomial

e t a (z A, - B)

has all real roots (2) the latter polynomial has as many positive, negative and zero roots (counting multiplicities) as suggested by the inertia of

B

if

A > 0

and (3) for

1 l e i l e n

the roots of

e t a (z A [i^{'}], - B [i^{'}])

interlace those of

e t a (z A, - B)

. Assertions (1)-(3) solve three important conjectures proposed by C. R. Johnson 20 years ago. Moreover, we substantially extend these results to tuples of matrix pencils and real stable polynomials. In the process we establish unimodality properties in the sense of majorization for the coefficients of homogeneous real stable polynomials and as an application we derive similar properties for symmetrized Fischer products of positive definite matrices. We also obtain Laguerre type inequalities for characteristic polynomials of principal submatrices of arbitrary Hermitian matrices that considerably generalize a certain subset of the Hadamard-Fischer-Koteljanskii inequalities for principal minors of positive definite matrices. Finally, we propose Lax type problems for real stable polynomials and mixed determinants.

Review text

For any \(n\times n\) matrix \(A\) and any subset \(\mathcal{S\subseteq}\{ 1,2,\dots ,n\} \) let \(A[\mathcal{S]}\) denote the principal submatrix of \(A\) with rows and columns indexed by \(\mathcal{S}\). For any two \(n\times n\) complex matrices \(A\) and \(B\) we define \(\eta(A,B):=\) \(\sum\det A[\mathcal{S} ]\det B[\mathcal{S}^{\prime}]\) where the sum is over all subsets \(\mathcal{S}\) of \(\{ 1,2,\dots ,n\}\) and \(\mathcal{S}^{\prime}\) denotes the complement of \(\mathcal{S}\). The main result of this paper is a proof of the following theorem. Let \(B\) be Hermitian and \(A\) be nonnegative definite. Then: (1) all roots of the polynomial \(\eta(zA,-B)\) are real; (2) if \(A>0\) then this polynomial has as many positive, negative and zero roots as suggested by the inertia of \(B\); and (3) for each \(i\) the roots of \(\eta(zA[\{ i\} ^{\prime}],-B[\{ i\} ^{\prime}])\) interlace the roots of \(\eta(zA,-B).\) These results were conjectured by \textit{C. R. Johnson} in [``The permanent-on-top conjecture: a status report, Current trends in matrix theory, Proc. 3rd Conf., Auburn/Ala. 1986, 167--174 (1987; Zbl 0671.15007) and Linear Multilinear Algebra 25, 289--290 (1989)], but until now only special cases were proved. The authors actually obtain more general results than these, and their methods allow them to obtain results on \(s\)-tuples of matrix pencils and real stable polynomials. For example, they obtain the following version of the Koteljanskii inequality. Suppose that \(\mathcal{S}\) and \(\mathcal{T}\) are subsets \(\left\{ 1,2,\dots ,n\right\} \) of the same size which differ by only one element. Then for any Hermitian \(n\times n\) matrix \(A\), we have \(\det A[\mathcal{S\cup T}]\det A[\mathcal{S\cap T}]\leq\det A[\mathcal{S}]\det A[\mathcal{T}]\).

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