Cyclicity of several planar graphics and ensembles through three singular points without generic conditions
Topological structure of integral curves, singular points, limit cycles of ordinary differential equations (34C05) Theory of limit cycles of polynomial and analytic vector fields (existence, uniqueness, bounds, Hilbert's 16th problem and ramifications) for ordinary differential equations (34C07) Bifurcation theory for ordinary differential equations (34C23) Homoclinic and heteroclinic solutions to ordinary differential equations (34C37)
The paper investigates the number and distribution of limit cycles bifurcating from several graphics and ensembles through a saddle-node \(P_0\) and two hyperbolic saddles \(P_1\) and \(P_2\) for the non-generic cases of \(r_1(0)=1\), \(r_2(0)\neq 1\) and \(r_1(0)\neq 1\), \(r_2(0)=1\), where \(r_1(0)\) and \(r_2(0)\) are the hyperbolicity ratio of the saddles \(P_1\) and \(P_2\), respectively. For the case of \(r_1(0)=1\), \(r_2(0)\neq 1\), it is assumed that the connection from \(P_0\) to \(P_2\) and the connection from \(P_0\) to \(P_1\) keep unbroken. It is proved that these graphics and ensembles are of finite cyclicity respectively. Moreover, the cyclicity depends linearly on the order of the neutral saddle \(P_1\) if \(P_2\) is contractive and \(r_2(0)\in Q\). It is also shown that the nearer \(r_2(0)\) is to 1, the more limit cycles are bifurcating. For the case of \(r_1(0)\neq 1\), \(r_2(0)=1\), it is proved that these graphics and ensembles are of finite cyclicity respectively if \(P_1\) is of finite order and the hp-connection from \(P_0\) to \(P_2\) keeps unbroken. The problem is closely related to the finiteness part of Hilbert's 16th problem for quadratic fields which consists in proving the existence of a uniform bound for the number of limit cycles of quadratic plane vector fields.
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