Uniqueness of tangent cones for semicalibrated integral 2-cycles

Elliptic equations and elliptic systems (35J99) Minimal surfaces and optimization (49Q05) Variational problems in a geometric measure-theoretic setting (49Q20) Calibrations and calibrated geometries (53C38)

Abstract: We prove that tangent cones to 2-dimensional calibrated cycles are unique. Using this result we prove a rate of convergence for the mass of the blow-up of a calibrated integral 2-cycle towards the limiting density. With the same techniques, we can also prove such a rate for J-holomorphic maps between almost complex manifolds and deduce the uniqueness of their tangent maps.

Review text

The main purpose of this paper is to introduce the concept of semicalibration \(\omega\) on a closed \(m\)-dimensional Riemannian manifold \((M,g)\) and to show a regularity property for tangent cones for semicalibrated integral cycles. Such semicalibration is a \(k\)-form \(\omega\) of comass one, defined as in case of a calibration, but with no need to be closed. The notion of smooth calibrated submanifold is extended to the non-smooth case by defining a semicalibrated submanifold as an integral rectifiable \(k\)-dimensional current \(C\), a linear functional acting on the space of smooth \(k\)-forms with compact support, such that on each open set \(U\) of \(M\), \(\langle C \llcorner U,\omega \rangle =M(C \llcorner U)\), where the mass \(M(C)\) extends the notion of volume of a submanifold. Considering dilatations of a semicalibrated current \(C\) under the maps \((x-x_0)/r\), with \(r\to 0\), by an almost monotonicity formula derived by the authors, the mass of \((x-x_0)/r)_*C \llcorner B_1(x_0)\) (that equals \(r^kM(C\llcorner B_r(x_0))\)) is uniformly bounded, and applying a compacteness theorem of Federer and Fleming, they conclude that there exists a sequence \(r_m\to 0\) for which the sequence of currents \((x-x_0)/{r_m})_*C \llcorner B_1(x_0)\) converges weakly to a semicalibrated \(k\)-current \(C_{\infty, x_0}\) (the tangent cone to \(C\) at \(x_0\)). The proof consists in locally expressing \(\omega(x)\) as a perturbation of a constant form \(\omega_0\), by defining it as a sum \(\omega(x)=\omega_0(x)+\omega_1(x)\), and to show that for small radii the perturbation terms are not significant. In Theorem 1 the authors prove that this blow-up limit is unique (for each \(x_0\)) when \(k=2\) and \(\omega\) is \(C^2\) but not necessarily closed. The uniqueness, in case \(k=2\), is obtained by recalling the structure of a tangent cone calibrated by a constant 2-dimensional calibration \(\omega_0\), that is the Kähler form associated to an orthogonal complex structure of \(\mathbb{R}^{2n}\). As an application of this theorem on obtains the uniqueness of the tangent cone for special Legendrian integral cycles in \(\mathbb{S}^5\). The authors generalize a estimate due to \textit{B. White} [Duke Math. J. 50, 143--160 (1983; Zbl 0538.49030)] for the case \(C\) is an integral area minimizing 2-cycle, but using a completely different approach. They prove in Theorem 2 that there exist constants \(r_0>0\), \(C_1>0\) and \(\gamma\in (0,1]\) such that for any integer-rectifiable 2-cycle, \(\omega\)-semicalibrated \(C\) and any \(0<r<r_0\), one has \(M(C\llcorner B_r(x_0))/(\pi r^2) -\Theta(\|C\|, x_0)\leq C_1 r^{\gamma}\), where \(\Theta(\|C\|,x_0)\) is the density of \(C\) at \(x_0\). They use a first-order elliptic problem (that comes from the definition of semicalibrated submanifold), introducing a suitable new technique, and not a second-order one as in the case of area-minimizing current, and they believe they can extend this approach to higher dimensions. ``Furthermore, we show that semicalibrated 2-cycles are essentially semicalibrated by a constant 2-form and hence almost holomorphic cycles in some \(\mathbb{C}^m\), and analyzing the restriction of such cycles to small balls around \(x_0\), that can be pushed forward onto \(\mathbb{CP}^{m-1}\), ``show that their support cannot fill all of \(\mathbb{CP}^{m-1}\), giving a (well defined) current of small mass ``... we are able to estimate the mass of the dilated current viewed as a function of the dilating radius \(r\) in terms of its derivative. From a suitable choice of radii, this is in turn estimated by the mass of the dilated current albeit with a gap proportional to \(r\) around \(r_0\). Filling the hole and applying a standard iteration argument, we obtain the theorem. A perturbation argument proves the theorem for \(\omega\) non-closed.

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