The Beilinson equivalence for differential operators

DOI10.1016/J.JPAA.2010.02.016MaRDI QIDQ989067zbMATH OpenOpenAlexFDO

Publication date 27 August 2010

Published in Journal of Pure and Applied Algebra (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/0908.3662

Koszul duality Lie algebroid non-commutative projective scheme ring of differential operators tilting theory

Noncommutative algebraic geometry (14A22) Derived categories and associative algebras (16E35) Universal enveloping algebras of Lie algebras (16S30) Rings of differential operators (associative algebraic aspects) (16S32) Rings arising from noncommutative algebraic geometry (16S38)

Abstract: Let D be the ring of differential operators on a smooth irreducible affine variety X over the complex numbers; or, more generally, the enveloping algebra of any locally free Lie algebroid on X. The category of finitely-generated graded modules of the Rees algebra D has a natural quotient category qgr(D) which imitates the category of modules on Proj of a graded commutative ring. We show that the derived category D^b(qgr(D)) is equivalent to the derived category of finitely-generated modules of a sheaf of algebras E on X which is coherent over X. This generalizes the usual Beilinson equivalence for projective space, and also the Beilinson equivalence for differential operators on a smooth curve used by Ben-Zvi and Nevins to describe the moduli space of left ideals in D.

Review text

Let \(X\) be a smooth irreducible affine variety over \(\mathbb C\) and \({\mathcal T}_X\) the tangent sheaf of \(X\), i.e., the sheaf of \(\mathbb C\)-linear derivations on \({\mathcal O}_X\). An (algebraic) \textit{Lie algebroid} on \(X\) is a coherent \({\mathcal O}_X\)-module \(L\) endowed with a \(\mathbb C\)-bilinear Lie bracket making it into a Lie algebra and with an \({\mathcal O}_X\)-module \textit{anchor map} \(\tau : L \rightarrow {\mathcal T}_X\) such that: \[ [l,fl^{\prime}] = f[l,l^{\prime}] + \tau (l)(f)l^{\prime},\;\forall l, l^{\prime} \in L, \;\forall f \in {\mathcal O}_X\, . \] Assume that \(L\) is locally free of rank \(n\). One deduces that \(\tau ([l,l^{\prime}]) = [\tau (l),\tau (l^{\prime})]\) hence \({\mathcal O}_X \oplus L\) becomes a Lie algebra by the bracket \([(f,l),(f^{\prime},l^{\prime})] := (\tau (l)(f^{\prime}) - \tau (l^{\prime})(f), [l,l^{\prime}])\). The \textit{universal enveloping algebra} of the Lie algebroid \(L\) is the quotient \(\mathcal U\) of the universal enveloping algebra of the Lie algebra \({\mathcal O}_X \oplus L\) obtained by identifying \((1,0) \in {\mathcal O}_X \oplus L\) with \(1 \in {\mathcal O}_X\) and \((f,0) \otimes (f^{\prime},l)\) with \((ff^{\prime},fl)\). If \(L = {\mathcal T}_X\) with anchor map \(\tau = \text{id}\) then \({\mathcal U} = {\mathcal D}\) the ring of (algebraic) differential operators on \(X\). In the paper under review, the author develops, first, a right notion of compactifying the algebra \(\mathcal U\) and then he shows that there is an analogue of the Beilinson equivalence. If one forgets the Lie algebroid structure, the fiberwise compactification of the geometric vector bundle \(\text{Spec}(\text{Sym}_XL)\) associated to \(L\) is \(\text{Proj}(\widetilde{\text{Sym}_XL})\), where \(\widetilde{\text{Sym}_XL}\) is the Rees algebra \(\bigoplus_{i\geq 0}(\text{Sym}_X^{\leq i}L)t^i\). Now, \(\mathcal U\) is naturally filtered by letting the image of \({\mathcal O}_X\) be degree 0 and the image of \(L\) be degree 1, and one may consider the \textit{Rees algebra} \(\widetilde{\mathcal U} := \bigoplus_{i\geq 0}{\mathcal U}^it^i\), where \({\mathcal U}^i\) consists of the elements of \(\mathcal U\) of degree \(\leq i\). There is no \(\text{Proj}(\widetilde{\mathcal U})\) since \(\widetilde{\mathcal U}\) is non-commutative but, according to \textit{M. Artin} and \textit{J. J. Zhang} [Adv. Math. 109, No. 2, 228--287 (1994; Zbl 0833.14002)], there is an analogue \({\mathbb P}_{\mathcal U}\) of the abelian category \(\text{Coh}(\text{Proj}(\widetilde{\mathcal U}))\). More precisely, if \(\text{gr}(\widetilde{\mathcal U})\) is the category of finitely generated graded left \(\widetilde{\mathcal U}\)-modules and \(\text{tors}(\widetilde{\mathcal U})\) is the subcategory of graded modules non-zero in only finitely many degrees then \({\mathbb P}_{\mathcal U}\) is the quotient abelian category \(\text{gr}(\widetilde{\mathcal U})/\text{tors}(\widetilde{\mathcal U})\), with quotient functor \(\pi\). As for the second aim of the paper, the author shows that \(T := \bigoplus_{i=0}^n\pi \widetilde{\mathcal U}(-i) \in {\mathbb P}_{\mathcal U}\) is a tilting object for this category which implies that, putting \(E := \text{Hom}_{{\mathbb P}_{\mathcal U}}(T,T)^{\text{op}}\), \({\mathbf R}\text{Hom}_{{\mathbb P}_{\mathcal U}}(T,-) : \text{D}^b({\mathbb P}_{\mathcal U}) \rightarrow \text{D}^b(\text{mod}(E))\) is an equivalence of triangulated categories. The proof of this fact is based on a careful study of the \textit{left Koszul dual algebra} \(\widetilde{\mathcal U}^\perp\) which is defined as follows: \({\mathcal U}^1 \simeq {\mathcal O}_X \oplus L\) has an \({\mathcal O}_X\)-bimodule structure given by \(g \cdot (f,l) = (gf,gl)\) and \((f,l) \cdot g = (fg + \tau (l)(g),gl)\). It follows that the sheaf \(^{\ast}({\mathcal U}^1)\) of morphisms of left \({\mathcal O}_X\)-modules: \({\mathcal U}^1 \rightarrow {\mathcal O}_X\) is an \({\mathcal O}_X\)-bimodule, too. \(\widetilde{\mathcal U}^\perp\) is, by definition, the quotient of the tensor algebra \(T_X(^{\ast}({\mathcal U}^1))\) by the two-sided ideal generated by the image of \(^{\ast}({\mathcal U}^1 \otimes_X {\mathcal U}^1/ (\partial \otimes \partial^\prime - \partial^\prime \otimes \partial - [\partial,\partial^\prime] \otimes (1,0)))\) into \(^{\ast}({\mathcal U}^1) \otimes_X {^{\ast}({\mathcal U}^1)}\). The results of the paper under review generalize the Beilinson equivalence for differential operators on a smooth curve used by \textit{D. Ben-Zvi} and \textit{T. Nevins} [Compos. Math. 144, No. 6, 1403--1428 (2008; Zbl 1171.14001)] to describe the moduli space of left ideals in \(\mathcal D\).

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