Quadratic maps between modules

DOI10.1016/J.JALGEBRA.2009.05.016MaRDI QIDQ734794zbMATH OpenOpenAlexFDO

Publication date 13 October 2009

Published in Journal of Algebra (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/0809.0194

divided power algebra nilpotent \(R\)-group polynomial ideal quadratic derivation quadratic map

Structure, classification theorems for modules and ideals in commutative rings (13C05) Theory of modules and ideals in commutative rings (13C99)

Abstract: We introduce a notion of

R

-quadratic maps between modules over a commutative ring

R

which generalizes several classical notions arising in linear algebra and group theory. On a given module

M

such maps are represented by

R

-linear maps on a certain module

P_{R}^{2} (M)

. The structure of this module is described in term of the symmetric tensor square

S y m_{R}^{2} (M)

, the degree 2 component

G a m m a_{R}^{2} (M)

of the divided power algebra over

M

, and the ideal

I_{2}

of

R

generated by the elements

r^{2} - r

,

r i n R

. The latter is shown to represent quadratic derivations on

R

which arise in the theory of modules over square rings. This allows to extend the classical notion of nilpotent

R

-group of class 2 with coefficients in a 2-binomial ring

R

to any ring

R

. We provide a functorial presentation of

I_{2}

and several exact sequences embedding the modules

P_{R}^{2} (M)

and

G a m m a_{R}^{2} (M)

.

Review text

For a commutative ring \(R\), the authors introduce a notion of an \(R\)-quadratic map between \(R\)-modules \(M\) and \(N\) as a map \(f:M\longrightarrow N\) such that its cross-effect map \(d_f:M\times M\longrightarrow N\) defined by \(d_f(x,y)=f(x+y)-f(x)-f(y)\) is \(R\)-bilinear and its second cross-actions map \(f_{[r]}:M\longrightarrow N\) defined by \(f_{[r]}(x)=f(rx)-r^2f(x)\) is \(R\)-linear. This is a generalization of an \(R\)-linear map. A certain \(R\)-module \(P^2_R(M)\) is also defined by way of defining identities so that the \(R\)-quadratic maps are represented by \(R\)-linear maps on that module. The authors then describe the stracture of this module in terms of the symmetric tensor square \(\mathrm{Sym}^2_R(M)\), the second degree component \(\Gamma_R^2(M)\) of the divided power algebra over \(M\) and the ideal \(I_2\) of \(R\) generated by the elements \(r^2-r, r\in R\). They show that the latter consists of quadratic derivations on \(R\) which come up in the theory of modules over square rings. This makes it possible then to extend the classical notion of nilpotent \(R\)-group of class 2 with coefficients in a 2-binomial ring \(R\) to any ring \(R\). A functional presentation of \(I_2\) is given and several exact sequences embedding the modules \(P^2_R(M)\) and \(\Gamma_R^2(M)\) are given. Some of the ideas presented here are inspired by I.B.S. Passi -- the authors give generalizations of some of his results as well as arrive at those results in a different way. The authors' intention is to provide a bridge between the classical realm of quadratic maps and the recent domain of quadratic algebra, with the final aim to apply methods of the latter to problems of the former.

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