Quantification of differential diffusion in nonpremixed systems
Most attempts to quantify differential diffusion (DD) are based on the difference between different definitions of the mixture fraction. This paper presents a general method for evaluating differential diffusion in premixed or nonpremixed systems based on conservation equations for the elemental mass fractions. In general, DD is represented using \(N_e\) degrees of freedom, where \(N_e\) is the number of elements (consisting of various species). By considering exact and so-called ``conserved scalar forms of the elemental conservation equations, \(N_e\) independent measures of DD are proposed. These are applicable in premixed or nonpremixed combustion. To obtain a single measure of DD particular useful in nonpremixed combustion, the mixture fraction is introduced as a linear combination of the elemental mass fractions. A single measure of DD is, therefore, proposed as a particular linear combination of the \(N_e\) independent measures. Furthermore, within the new method, a direct evaluation of the validity of the traditional assumptions involved in writing a mixture fraction transport equation is possible. Results are presented for one-dimensional opposed flow simulations of hydrogen and methane flames as well as direct numerical simulations of CH\(_4\)/H\(_2\)-air and CO/H\(_2\)-air flames. For a common definition of the mixture fraction, the DD measure can be approximated well by considering only the contribution of H\(_2\) and CH\(_4\) in methan-air flames. Effects of strain rate and filter width on the relative importance of differential diffusion are examined. Especially, in the context of large eddy simulation, data from direct numerical simulations of CH\(_4\)/H\(_2\)/N\(_2\)-air and CO/H\(_2\)/N\(_2\)-air flames are spatially filtered and analysed to determine the importance of DD relative to convection.
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