Quasiregular semigroups with examples

DOI10.3934/DCDS.2019090MaRDI QIDQ1737077zbMATH OpenOpenAlexWikidataFDO

Publication date 26 March 2019

Published in Discrete and Continuous Dynamical Systems (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/1801.02545

Julia set quasiregular mappings quasiregular semigroups uniformly perfect

Quasiconformal mappings in (mathbb{R}^n), other generalizations (30C65) Functional equations in the complex plane, iteration and composition of analytic functions of one complex variable (30D05) Dynamics of complex polynomials, rational maps, entire and meromorphic functions; Fatou and Julia sets (37F10)

Abstract: Rational semigroups were introduced by Hinkkanen and Martin as a generalization of the iteration of a single rational map. There has subsequently been much interest in the study of rational semigroups. Quasiregular semigroups were introduced shortly after rational semigroups as analogues in higher real dimensions, but have received far less attention. Each map in a quasiregular semigroup must necessarily be a uniformly quasiregular map. While there is a completely viable theory for the iteration of uniformly quasiregular maps, it is a highly non-trivial matter to construct them. In this paper, we study properties of the Julia and Fatou sets of quasiregular semigroups and, equally as importantly, give several families of examples illustrating some of the behaviours that can arise.

Review text

Quasiregular semigroups are generalizations of rational semigroups [\textit{A. Hinkkanen} and \textit{G. J. Martin}, Proc. Lond. Math. Soc. (3) 73, No. 2, 358--384 (1996; Zbl 0859.30026)]. A quasiregular (quasimeromorphic) mapping \(f: S^n \rightarrow S^n\), \(S^n = \overline{\mathbb{R}}^n\), offers a substitute for a rational function to higher-dimensional Euclidean spaces. Such a non-constant mapping \(f\) has its maximal dilatation \(K(f) > 1\) provided that the branch set of \(f\) is \(\neq \emptyset\) and \(n \geq 3\). This makes it difficult to construct uniformly quasiregular mappings \(f\), i.e., \(K(f^m) \leq C\) for all \(m\) where \(f^m\) denotes the \(m\)-fold iteration of \(f\). If \(f\) is a uniformly quasiregular mapping, then \(G = \{ f^m: m \in \mathbb{N} \}\) is a quasiregular semigroup and, more generally, \(G\) is a \(K\)-quasiregular semigroup in \(S^n\), \(n \geq 2\), if each \(g \in G\) is \(K\)-quasiregular, non-injective and closed under composition. It is shown that if \(G\) is a \(K\)-quasiregular semigroup generated by \(\{g_i : i \in I \}\) and \(\mathrm{Lip}_{1/K}(g_i) \leq C\) for all \(i \in I\), then the Julia set \(J(G)\) is uniformly perfect. Here \(\mathrm{Lip}_{1/K}\) refers to the Hölder condition of order \(1/K\) in terms of the chordal metric in \(S^n\) and \(J(G)\) is the set of points \(x \in S^n\) which do not have a neighborhood \(U\) such that \(G\) restricted to \(U\) is a normal family. The proof uses a variant of Rickman's Picard theorem in \(\mathbb{R}^n\), [\textit{S. Rickman}, Quasiregular mappings. Berlin: Springer-Verlag (1993; Zbl 0816.30017)]. Thus for a finitely generated semigroup \(G\), the Julia set is always uniformly perfect. Several examples of uniformly quasiregular mappings and quasiregular semigroups \(G\) are provided. For example, there is \(G\), \(n \geq 2\), such that \(J(G)\) is a closed annulus \(\{ 1 \leq |x| \leq a \}\), \(a > 1\), and another \(G\) so that \(J(G)\) is topologically a product of a Cantor set and an \((n-1)\)-sphere and the Hausdorff dimension of \(J(G)\) is at least \(n-\varepsilon\).

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