Queer Poisson brackets
This paper studies the existence of concrete examples of infinite-dimensional Banach manifold \(M\) carrying the feature, different from finite-dimensional manifolds, that there is a Poisson bracket on \(C^{\infty}( M) \) which is not completely determined by the first-order derivatives of functions. The kinematic definition of a tangent vector \(v\in T_{m}M\) to a manifold \(M\) at a point \(m\in M\) as an equivalence class of curves passing through \(m\) and the operational definition of a tangent vector as a derivation \(\delta :C_{m}^{\infty}( M) \to\mathbb{R}\) on germs of smooth functions at \(m\) are well known to be equivalent when \(M\) is finite-dimensional, but not equivalent when \(M\) is an infinite-dimensional Banach manifold. An operational tangent vector \(\delta\) is said to be of order \(n\), if \(\delta f=\sum_{k=1}^{n}\ell_{k}( f_{m}^{( k) }) \) for some continuous linear functionals \(\ell_{k}\) on the Banach space \(L_{k}( T_{m}M;\mathbb{R}) \) of continuous \(k\)-linear functionals on \(T_{m}M\) such that \(\ell_{n}\) is nonzero on the subspace of continuous symmetric \(n\)-linear functionals on \(T_{m}M\). An operational tangent vector \(\delta\) is called queer if it is of order at least \(2\), and hence not completely determined by the first-order derivatives of functions. In a canonical way, the notion of an operational vector field on \(M\) which is smooth and pointwise an operational tangent vector is formulated. Pointing out that a linear functional \(\ell\in( L_{2}( E;\mathbb{R}) ) ^{\ast}\) for a Banach space \(E\) (over \(\mathbb{R}\)) defines an operational tangent vector \(\delta_{\ell} :f\mapsto\ell( f_{a}^{\prime\prime}) \) at \(a\in E\) if and only if \(\ell\) vanishes on the canonical image of \(E^{\ast}\times E^{\ast}\) in \(L_{2}( E;\mathbb{R}) \), the authors show that there are queer operational tangent vectors of order \(2\) on \(\ell^{p}\) with \(p\in[ 1,2] \), but no such tangent vectors exist on \(\ell^{p}\) with \(p\in( 2,\infty) \). With the Hilbert space \(\mathcal{H}=\ell^{2}\) (over \(\mathbb{R}\)) as an explicit example, they apply the Hahn-Banach Theorem to illustrate the existence of bounded linear functionals \(\ell\) on the Banach space \(L_{2}( \mathcal{H};\mathbb{R}) \cong( \mathcal{H} \otimes\mathcal{H}) ^{\ast}\cong L^{\infty}( \mathcal{H}) \) of all bounded linear operators on \(\mathcal{H}\) that extends the linear functional vanishing on the subspace \(\mathcal{H}^{\ast}\otimes\mathcal{H} ^{\ast}\cong\mathcal{K}( \mathcal{H}) \) of all compact operators with \(\ell( \mathrm{id}_{\mathcal{H}}) =1\), and consequently construct a queer operational tangent vector \(\delta_{\ell}\) of order \(2\). A Poisson bracket \(\{ ,\} \) on \(C^{\infty}( M) \) with restriction-compatible localizations \(\{ ,\} _{U}\) for open sets \(U\subset M\) is said to be of order \(1\) at \(m\in U\) if there exists a skew-symmetric continuous bilinear functional \(\Pi_{m}\) on \(T_{m}^{\ast}M\) such that \(\{ f,g\} _{U}( m) =\Pi_{m}( f_{m}^{\prime},g_{m}^{\prime}) \) for all \(f,g\in C^{\infty}( U) \), and to be queer at \(m\in U\) if otherwise. It is shown that two commuting operational vector fields \(\delta,\gamma\) define a Poisson bracket with localizations given by \(\{ f,g\} _{U}:=( \delta _{U}f) ( \gamma_{U}g) -( \gamma_{U}f) ( \delta_{U}g) \) on open sets \(U\subset M\). Furthermore if \(\delta ,\gamma\) are linearly independent at some \(m\in M\), then \(\{ ,\} \) is queer at \(m\) if and only if one of \(\delta,\gamma\) is queer at \(m\). Consequently, there exists queer Poisson brackets on \(\ell^{p}\) for \(p\in[ 1,2] \). More explicitly, a concrete example is given on \(\ell^{2}\cong\ell^{2}\times\mathbb{R}\) by the commuting operational vector fields: the constant queer vector field \(\delta_{\ell}\) described earlier on the first component \(\ell^{2}\equiv\mathcal{H}\) and the constant vector field \(\frac{\partial}{\partial x}\) on the second component \(\mathbb{R}\).
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