Real-time evolution for weak interaction quenches in quantum systems
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Abstract: Motivated by recent experiments in ultracold atomic gases that explore the nonequilibrium dynamics of interacting quantum many-body systems, we investigate the nonequilibrium properties of a Fermi liquid. We apply an interaction quench within the Fermi liquid phase of the Hubbard model by switching on a weak interaction suddenly; then we follow the real-time dynamics of the momentum distribution by a systematic expansion in the interaction strength based on the flow equation method. In this paper we derive our main results, namely the applicability of a quasiparticle description, the observation of a new type of quasi-stationary nonequilibrium Fermi liquid like state and a delayed thermalization of the momentum distribution. We explain the physical origin of the delayed relaxation as a consequence of phase space constraints in fermionic many-body systems. This brings about a close relation to similar behavior of one-particle systems which we illustrate by a discussion of the squeezed oscillator; we generalize to an extended class of systems with discrete energy spectra and point out the generic character of the nonequilibrium Fermi liquid results for weak interaction quenches. Both for discrete and continuous systems we observe that particular nonequilibrium expectation values are twice as large as their corresponding analogues in equilibrium. For a Fermi liquid, this shows up as an increased correlation-induced reduction of the quasiparticle residue in nonequilibrium.
The paper deals with interacting many-particle quantum systems in non-equilibrium state, and more especially with the effects of a quantum quench on the observables. The approach is based on the Heisenberg equation of motion and combines three unitary transformations: a transformation which diagonalizes the interacting Hamiltonian, a second transformation which defines the solution of the Heisenberg equation, and the third one which reverts the diagonalization in the non-interacting basis. The corresponding derivation provides a successful way to compare equilibrium and non-equilibrium, and to characterize the parameter of the latter.
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