Real-time optimization and stabilization of distributed parameter systems with piezoelectric elements
The authors begin this article by explaining the importance of active, rather than passive, control for elastic structures. They seem to be unaware of a parallel work of Bendsoe, Lur'e, Cherkaev, and several former Soviet Union mathematicians of the related ``smart materials research group. Almost all references given here by the authors quote either their own papers on piezo-elastic applications or papers coauthored by the second author. There is a third group, mostly following a ``strictly engineering approach, concerned mainly with the practically used schemes of the ``intelligent materials field, where undesired effects are measured, analyzed and corrected by inserting actuators at ``favorable locations. There seems to be very little interaction between these separate groups of researchers, who basically seek identical answers to exactly the same type of research questions. The authors start here with the piezo-elasticity equations in their simplest form: \(\sigma_{ij}=C_{ijkl} \varepsilon_{kl}- e_{kij}E_k\), and \(D_k= e_{kl}E_l\), where the first term in the first equation is Hooke's law, while \(D\), \(e\) and \(E\) denote the electric displacement, the piezoelectric tensor and the electric field tensor, respectively. The energy contains elastic and electric terms: \(\chi={1\over 2}(\sigma_{ij} \varepsilon_{ij}- D_kE_k)\). Because of the interaction between the elastic and electric terms, the problem is essentially nonlinear. Energy may not be a convex function. Moreover, the interaction between these components is time-dependent, and the commonly used theorems on existence and uniqueness of solutions are not valid. Thus one has to employ some of the most basic variational arguments. The d'Alembert principle is restated for this case. Let the total energy of the system be denoted by \(F\). Then the increase due to the virtual work of all forces is equal to the change in the total free energy. \{Comment by the reviewer: In his 1936 book on mechanics, Stefan Banach proposed that the virtual work principle should be the starting point in any study of theoretical mechanics.\} The authors introduce a quite general system of dynamic equations of the equilibrium (plus d'Ablembert terms like \(\rho w_{tt})\) and of compatibility, derived from variational principles. Some of the terms look vaguely familiar, as the reviewer recalls Novozhilov's classic on nonlinear elasticity [\textit{V. V. Novozhilov}, Theory of elasticity. London: Pergamon Press (1961; Zbl 0098.37604)] and Koiter's study of shell theory. These fully coupled relations are too complex to deal with theoretically and too problematic to risk application of any standard numerical procedures. The authors refer to their previous papers for a proof of the existence of \(L_\infty\) solutions. They admit that efforts to prove any degree of smoothness are useless because of discontinuities in the coefficients of these partial differential equations. Making several assumptions, they reduce a system of coupled nonlinear PDEs, which takes half a page to display, to an easily recognizable system of three equations of plate dynamics containing the d'Alembert inertia term, the Kirchhoff version of the biharmonic term, and the divergence of a product of stress and rotation, as proposed by Timoshenko. Now ignoring the effects of thickness, they produce a linear version. But even here, because of the interaction with piezoelectric materials, the coefficients are discontinuous. As they state, conventional averaging procedures are used to eliminate effects of the plate's thickness. A homogenization technique is used to replace a discrete (but large) number of piezoelectric elements by a continuous input. The article finishes by displaying results of a simulation, which clearly indicates a reduction in amplitude of the transverse displacement curve of the vibrating plate. The authors are to be congratulated for researching a difficult but important problem. For the entire collection see [Zbl 0971.00007].
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