Reduction of singularities for differential equations

Publication date 15 January 2002

(codimension one) foliation (non-)dicritical case (pre)simple singularity adapted singular locus blowup exceptional divisor strict transform

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Singularities in algebraic geometry (14B05) Singularities of holomorphic vector fields and foliations (32S65)

Review text

The paper contains a survey of recent results on reduction of singularities of holomorphic foliations, mainly in dimension 2, due to C. Camacho, F. Cano, D. Cerveau, V. Cossart, J.-P. Jouanolou, A. Lins Neto, J.-F. Mattei, P. Sad, S. I. Trifonov and others. In dimension two and locally, at a point \(p\), a foliation \({\mathcal F}\) can be defined by its local generator which is a differential one-form \(\omega =a(x,y)dx+b(x,y)dy\); if \(p\) is regular, then the leaves of the foliation are the integral curves of the vector field \(X=-b(x,y)\frac{\partial}{\partial x}+a(x,y)\frac{\partial}{\partial y}\); \(p\) is singular iff \(a(0,0)=b(0,0)=0\). If \(p\) is singular, then \(X(m_p)\subset m_p\) and \(X\) induces a \(\mathbb{C}\)-linear map \(L_{X,p}:m_p/m_p^2\rightarrow m_p/m_p^2\). A singular point \(p\) of a foliation \({\mathcal F}\) on a variety \(M\) is called presimple (resp. simple) if \(L_{X,p}\) is not nilpotent (resp. if \(L_{X,p}\) has eigenvalues \(\lambda\), \(\mu\) where \(\mu \neq 0\) and \(\lambda /\mu \not\in \mathbb{Q}_+\)). For \(E\) a divisor with normal crossings define the adapted singular locus of \({\mathcal F}\) with respect to \(E\) as \[ \text{Sing}({\mathcal F},E)= \text{Sing}({\mathcal F})\cup \{ p\in M\mid {\mathcal F} \text{and \(E\) have no normal crossing at }p\}. \] A simple singularity \({\mathcal F}\ni p\in \text{Sing}({\mathcal F},E)\) is said to be adapted to \(E\) if \(p\in E\) and the irreducible components of \(E\) through \(p\) are non-dicritical, i.e. they are leaves of \({\mathcal F}\). The paper reproduces the proof of Cano-Cerveau of a theorem due to Seidenberg: If \({\mathcal F}\) is a germ of a foliation on \((\mathbb{C}^2,0)\), then there exists a neighbourhood \(U\) of \(0\) in \(\mathbb{C}^2\) and a holomorphic map \(\pi :Z\rightarrow U\), such that: 1) \(\pi =\pi _n\ldots \pi _1\), where \(\pi _1\) is the blowup of \(0=p_0\), and \(\pi _i\) is the blowup with centre \(p_i\) for some \(p_i\in \pi _i^{-1}(p_{i-1})\). 2) Any point \(p\in \text{Sing}(\widetilde{{\mathcal F}},\widetilde{{\mathcal E}})\) (where \(\widetilde{{\mathcal F}}=\pi ^{\ast}{\mathcal F}\), \(\widetilde{{\mathcal E}}=\pi ^{-1}(0)\)) is a simple singularity of \(\widetilde{{\mathcal F}}\) adapted to \(\widetilde{{\mathcal E}}\). For the entire collection see [Zbl 0932.00042].

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