Reflexivity and approximate fixed points
Using techniques from the proof of James' characterization of reflexive Banach spaces in terms of norm-attaining functionals, the authors obtain two new characterizations of reflexive Banach spaces in terms of properties of subsequences of bounded sequences. \((x_n)\subset X\) is said to have a norm-attaining subsequence if it contains a subsequence \((x_{n_k})\) such that \(\sup_{f\in S_{X^{\ast}}}\limsup_k f(x_{n_k})\) actually is attained for some \(f\in S_{X^{\ast}}\). The first characterization is that a Banach space \(X\) is reflexive if and only if every bounded sequence in \(X\) contains a norm-attaining subsequence. \((x_n)\subset X\) is called a (P)-sequence if for every \(f\in S_{X^{\ast}}\) there exists \(g\in S_{X^{\ast}}\) with \(\limsup_n f(x_n)<\liminf_n g(x_n)\). The authors obtain as a second characterization the result that \(X\) is reflexive if and only if it contains no (P)-sequence. A corollary of the characterization in terms of (P)-sequences is an affirmative answer of the following question of I. Shafrir: Does every infinite-dimensional Banach space contain an unbounded closed convex set with the approximate fixed point property?
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