Regularity and long-time behavior of nonlocal heat flows

DOI10.1007/S00526-015-0841-2MaRDI QIDQ745566zbMATH OpenOpenAlexFDO

Publication date 14 October 2015

Published in Calculus of Variations and Partial Differential Equations (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/1311.7363

gradient flows long-time behavior optimal partitions

Singular perturbations in context of PDEs (35B25) Asymptotic behavior of solutions to PDEs (35B40) Nonlinear parabolic equations (35K55) Regularity of solutions in optimal control (49N60)

Abstract: This article considers nonlocal heat flows into a singular target space. The problem is the parabolic analogue of a stationary problem that arises as the limit of a singularly perturbed elliptic system. It also provides a gradient flow approach to an optimal eigenvalue partition problem that, in light of the work of Caffarelli and Lin, is equivalent to a constrained harmonic mapping problem. In particular, we show that weak solutions of our heat equation converge as time approaches infinity to stationary solutions of this mapping problem. For these weak solutions, we also prove Lipschitz continuity and regularity of free interfaces, making use of a parabolic Almgren-type monotonicity formula.

Review text

The problem the paper deals with is motivated by the optimal partition problem consisting in the minimization of the quantity \[ \sum_{j=1}^m\lambda_1(\Omega_j) \] among all \(m\)-tuples \((\Omega_1,\dots,\Omega_m)\) of mutually disjoint sets with \[ \bigcup_{j=1}^m\overline\Omega_j=\overline\Omega. \] Here, \(\Omega\) is a given bounded domain of \({\mathbb R}^n\), \(m\geq1\) is a given positive integer, and \(\lambda_1(A)\) denotes the first eigenvalue of the Dirichlet Laplacian \(-\Delta\) on \(H^1_0(A)\). The optimization problem above can be equivalently rewritten as \[ \min\Big\{\int_\Omega|\nabla v|^2\,dx : v\in H^1_0(\Omega;{\mathbb R}^m),\;\int_\Omega v_j^2\,dx=1,\;v\in{\mathcal V}\Big\},\leqno{(1)} \] where \({\mathcal V}\) is the class of functions \[ {\mathcal V}=\Big\{v_j\geq0,\;\sum_{j\neq k}v_j^2v_k^2=0\Big\}. \] In the paper, the gradient flow of the variational problem (1) is studied. In particular, setting \[ F_\varepsilon(u)={1\over\varepsilon^2}\sum_{j<k}u_j^2u_k^2, \] the limit (as \(\varepsilon\to0\)) of the minimization problems \[ \min\Big\{\int_\Omega\big[|\nabla v|^2+2F_\varepsilon(v)\big]\,dx: v\in H^1_0(\Omega;{\mathbb R}^m),\;v=v_0\text{ on }\partial\Omega\Big\} \] is considered, together with the corresponding heat flow equation \[ \begin{cases} \partial_t u_j-\Delta u_j=\lambda_j(t)u_j-\dfrac{\partial F_\varepsilon(u)}{\partial u_j},\\ u(t,\cdot)\in H^1_0(\Omega),\, u(0,\cdot)=g,\end{cases} \] with the constraint \[ \int_\Omega u_j^2\,dx=\int_\Omega g_j^2\,dx. \] The main goal of the paper is the study of the heat flow above as \(\varepsilon\to0\). A suitable definition of weak solutions for the limit PDE is provided and the convergence, as \(t\to+\infty\), is shown to provide a solution for the optimal partition problem described above. Lipschitz continuity and regularity of free interfaces are then proved.

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