Relative Brauer Groups of Function Fields of Curves of Genus One
Let \(k\) be a field of characteristic not \(2\), and let \(C\) be a geometrically irreducible curve over \(k\). The relative Brauer group of \(C\), which will be denoted here by \(\text{Br}(C/k)\), consists of the Brauer classes of central simple algebras over \(k\), that are split by the function field \(k(C)\). This group is always finite. A classical example is the curve \(C\colon y^2=ax^2+b\) where \(a,b\in k\). Then \(k(C)\) is known to be the generic splitting field of the quaternion algebra \(Q=(a,b)\), and Witt (1935) showed that \(\text{Br}(C/k)\) is generated by \([Q]\). More generally, \(\text{Br}(C/k)\) for curves of the form \(y^2=f(x)\) is generated by quaternion algebras. The main part of this paper deals with the curve \(C\colon y^2=ax^4+b\) where \(a,b\in k\). \textit{J.~Shick} Proceedings of the RAGSQUAD year, Berkeley, CA, USA, 1990-1991. Providence, RI: AMS. Contemp. Math. 155, 389-398 (1994; Zbl 0803.11024)] proved that \(\text{Br}(C/k)\) consists of \([k]\), \([(a,b)]\) and the classes \([(a,x')]\) for every \(k\)-point \((x',y')\) on the elliptic curve \(E\colon y^2=x^3-4abx\), which is the Jacobian of \(C\). Therefore, the size of \(\text{Br}(C/k)\) depends on the size of \(E(k)\) and in particular its rank, and so the map \(\alpha\colon E(k)\to k^\times/{k^\times}^2\) (for \(E\) as well as for its isogenous curve \(E'\)) becomes the main computational tool over \(k=\mathbb{Q}\). Various explicit computations are given, mostly over \(k=\mathbb{Q}\). For example, if \(p\) and \(q\) are distinct odd primes, then \(\text{Br}(C/k)\) has order at most \(4\) for \(C\colon y^2=-px^4-p\), and order at most \(8\) for \(C\colon y^2=-px^4-q\). This bound is shown to be sharp by taking \(C\colon y^2=-5x^4-13\).
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