Relative boundedness and compactness theory for second-order differential operators
Inequalities involving derivatives and differential and integral operators (26D10) Differential inequalities involving functions of a single real variable (34A40) Sturm-Liouville theory (34B24) Linear differential equations in abstract spaces (34G10) General spectral theory of ordinary differential operators (34L05) Norms (inequalities, more than one norm, etc.) of linear operators (47A30) Linear operators defined by compactness properties (47B07) Molecular physics (81V55)
If \(N\) is an \(n\)-th order differential operator on a compact interval with bounded coefficients and invertible leading coefficient and \(M\) is an \(m\)-th order differential operator with \(m<n\), then \(M\) is relatively \(N\)-compact. However, this well-known property is no longer true, in general, if the differential operators are considered on unbounded intervals. \(M\) does not even need to be \(N\)-bounded. Necessary and sufficient conditions are given such that the maximal operator \(B_j\) associated with \(b_jy^{(j)}\) \((j=0,1)\) is relatively bounded (compact) with respect to the maximal operator \(L\) associated with the Sturm-Liouville expression \(-(py')'+qy\) on \(I=[a,\infty)\). In case \(|p'(t)|\leq k\sqrt{p(t)}\), this is a special case of earlier results of the first author. In a second result, Theorem 3.1, \(q(t)\geq K\), \(|p'(t)|\leq A_1\sqrt{p(t)q(t)}\), and \(p(t)^{1/2}|q'(t)|\leq A_2q(t)^{3/2}\) are assumed, where \(p,q\in AC_{\text{loc}}(I)\) are real valued, \(p>0\), and \(A_2<1\). For \(j=0,1\) and \(\delta>0\) let \[ g_{j,\delta}(t)=\sqrt{q(t)/p(t)}\int_t^{t+\delta\sqrt{p(t)/q(t)}} \frac{|b_j(\tau)|^2}{p(\tau)^jq(\tau)^{2-j}} d\tau. \] Then \(B_j\) is \(L\)-bounded [\(L\)-compact] if and only if \(b_j\in L^2_{\text{loc}}(I)\) and \(\sup\{g_{j,\delta}(t):t\in [a,\infty)\}<\infty\) [\(\lim_{t\to\infty}g_{j,\delta}(t)=0\)]. A similar result is obtained in case \(p(t)=t^\alpha\), \(|q(t)|\leq Mt^{\alpha-2}\), where \(\alpha\geq 2\) and \(M>0\). This result is applied to the energy operator of the hydrogen atom. In particular, it is shown that the operator with a Coulomb type potential \(V(x)=c/x\) is a relatively compact perturbation of the energy operator with potential \(0\).
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