Relative commutativity degree of a subpolygroup of a finite polygroup

The commutativity degree of a finite group \(G\), denoted by \(d(G)\), is the quotient of the number of commuting ordered pairs of elements of \(G\) by the number of all ordered pairs:\N\[\Nd(G)=\frac{|\{(x,y)\in G\times G|\ xy=yx\}|}{|G\times G|}.\N\]\NThe commutativity degrees first mentioned by [\textit{P. Erdős} and \textit{P. Turán}, Acta Math. Acad. Sci. Hung. 19, 413--435 (1968; Zbl 0235.20004)], where the lower bound \(d(G)\geq\log_2\log_2|G|/|G|\) for any finite group \(G\) is given. Next, \textit{W. H. Gustafson} [Am. Math. Mon. 80, 1031--1034 (1973; Zbl 0276.60013)] gave the upper bound \(d(G)\leq\frac{5}{8}\) for any non-abelian finite group \(G\).\N\N\textit{A. Erfanian} et al. [Commun. Algebra 35, No. 12, 4183--4197 (2007; Zbl 1152.20023)] generalized this notion to the relative commutativity degree. Given a subgroup \(H\) of a finite group \(G\), the relative commutativity degree of \(H\) in \(G\) is defined as\N\[\Nd(H,G)=\frac{|\{(h,g)\in H\times G|\ hg=gh\}|}{|H\times G|}.\N\]\NIn the paper under review, the authors generalize the concept of the relative commutativity degree to finite polygroups aiming to contribute to the understanding of polygroup theory by examining this degree and its implication for the structure and properties of polygroups.

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Hamiltonian degree of finite groups

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