Residually finite non-linear hyperbolic groups
The question of whether every Gromov hyperbolic group is residually finite has remained open since it was first posed by \textit{M. Gromov} [in: Essays in group theory. (Seminar held at the Mathematical Sciences Research Institute, Berkeley, California, June 1985). New York etc.: Springer-Verlag. 75--263 (1987; Zbl 0634.20015)]. While all finitely generated linear groups are residually finite by Malcev's theorem, the problem is particularly relevant for non-linear hyperbolic groups. In this paper, the authors present the first explicit examples of residually finite non-linear hyperbolic groups, thereby resolving this long-standing question in geometric group theory. Their construction relies on amalgamated products of torsion-free cocompact lattices in the simple rank-one Lie group \(\mathrm{Sp}(d,1)\) for \(d > 2\), along maximal cyclic subgroups. The main result states that under appropriate conditions, these amalgamated products are both residually finite and non-linear. Theorem 1.1 establishes that there exist cocompact lattices \(\Gamma_1\) and \(\Gamma_2\) in \(\mathrm{Sp}(d,1)\), finite-index subgroups \(\Gamma_1' \leq \Gamma_1\) and \(\Gamma_2' \leq \Gamma_2\), and primitive elements \(\gamma_1 \in \Gamma_1'\) and \(\gamma_2 \in \Gamma_2'\) with distinct translation lengths, such that the amalgamated product\N\[\N\Gamma_1' \mathop{\boldsymbol{\ast}}_{\gamma_1 = \gamma_2} \Gamma_2'\N\]\Nis a residually finite, non-linear hyperbolic group. Theorem 1.2 extends the residual finiteness result to a broader class of non-elementary hyperbolic groups that are linear over characteristic zero. Using descending sequences of normal finite-index subgroups, the authors show that the associated amalgamated products remain residually finite.
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