Riemann Problems with a Kink
The authors consider the flow of an isothermal gas in a (infinitely) long, thin pipe of constant section, which has one or several kinks in it. They obtain the following model for the flow: \[ \rho_t+ (\rho v)_x= 0,\quad (\rho v)_t+ (\rho v^2+ \rho)_x= -f\sum_i k_i \delta_{x_i} \rho v, \] where \(\delta_{x_i}\) is the Dirac measure located at the position \(x_i\) of \(i\)th kink, and \(k_i\) is given by the angle of this kink \(\theta_i\) as \(k_i= \sqrt{2(1-\cos\theta_i)}\), and \(f\in[0,1]\) is a multiplicative empirical factor to compensate for the complicated and probably genuinely two-dimensional behavior at the kink. They show that the Riemann problem for the aforementioned model has a unique solution under some conditions.
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