Ring elements as sums of units.
Graphs and abstract algebra (groups, rings, fields, etc.) (05C25) Eulerian and Hamiltonian graphs (05C45) Finite rings and finite-dimensional associative algebras (16P10) Artinian rings and modules (associative rings and algebras) (16P20) Units, groups of units (associative rings and algebras) (16U60)
The main results of the paper under review are the following: Theorem 1.1. Let \(R\) be an Artinian ring. Then every element of \(R\) can be expressed as the sum of two units if and only if \(R/J(R)\) does not contain a summand isomorphic to \(\text{GF}(2)\). For a ring \(R\) let \(\Gamma(R)\) be the graph defined on the elements of \(R\) with an edge between vertices \(r\) and \(s\) if and only if \(r-s\) is invertible. The graph \(\Gamma(R)\) is actually the Cayley graph \(\text{Cay}(R,U(R))\) of the Abelian group \((R,+)\) with respect to the set \(U(R)\) of invertible elements of \(R\). Theorem 1.2. Let \(R\) be an Artinian ring with the property that \(R/J(R)\) has \(k\) summands isomorphic to \(\text{GF}(2)\) for some positive integer \(k\). (1) Then \(\Gamma(R)\) contains \(2^{k-1}\) connected components each of which is a bipartite graph. (2) There exist mutually orthogonal idempotents \(e_1,\dots,e_k\) in \(R\) such that for every element \(r\) in \(R\) there exist \(\varepsilon_1,\dots,\varepsilon_k\in\{0,1\}\) and units \(u\) and \(v\) in \(R\) so that \(r=\varepsilon_1e_1+\cdots+\varepsilon_ke_k+u+v\). Theorems 1.1 and 1.2 enable the authors to give a complete ring theoretic description of those finite rings \(R\) for which \(\Gamma(R)\) is Hamiltonian. Corollary 1.1. Let \(R\) be a finite ring with at least three elements. Then the graph \(\Gamma(R)\) contains a Hamiltonian cycle if and only if \(R/J(R)\) contains at most one summand isomorphic to \(\text{GF}(2)\). The authors end the paper by proving the following probabilistic result. Corollary 1.2. Let \(R\) be a finite ring. Then either \(P_X=0\) for some non-empty subset \(X\) of \(R\), or \(1/(3|R|)<P_X\) for every non-empty proper subset \(X\) of \(R\); where for a non-empty proper subset \(X\) of a finite ring \(R\), \(P_X\) is the probability that \(r-s\) is a unit where \(r\) is chosen uniformly at random from \(X\) and \(s\) is chosen uniformly at random from \(R\setminus X\).
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