Several extremal approximation problems for the characteristic function of a spherical layer
Let \(\mathcal{P}_{n,m}\) be the set of algebraic polynomials of degree \(n\) in \(m\) variables with real coefficients, and let \(\mathbb{S}^{m-1}\) be the unit sphere of the Euclidean space \(\mathbb{R}^{m},\) \(m \geq 2.\) For a pair of real numbers \(\eta = (h',h),\) \(-1 \leq h' < h \leq 1,\) in the space \(\mathcal{P}_{n,m}\) a linear functional \(F(\eta) = \int_{\mathbb{G}(\eta)} \, P_{n}(x) \, dx,\) \(P_{n} \in \mathcal{P}_{n,m}\) is introduced, where \(\mathbb{G}(\eta) = \{ x = (x_1,\ldots,x_m) \in \mathbb{S}^{m-1} : h' \leq x_m \leq h \}\) is the spherical layer. For values \(h'\) and \(h\) that are neighboring roots of the polynomial in a single variable of degree \(n+1\) that deviates least from zero in the space \(L_{1}^{\phi}(-1,1)\) of functions summable on the interval \((-1,1)\) with ultra-spherical weight \(\phi(t) = (1-t^2)^{\alpha},\) \(\alpha = (m-3)/2,\) the following three problems are resolved: \noindent (1) Find the norm of the functional \(F(\eta)\) on the space \(\mathcal{P}_{n,m}\) with the norm of the space \(L(\mathbb{S}^{m-1});\) \noindent (2) Find the best approximation in \(L_{\infty}(\mathbb{S}^{m-1})\) of the characteristic function \(\chi_{\eta}\) of the layer \(\mathbb{G}(\eta)\) by the subspace \(\mathcal{P}_{n,m}^{\bot} = \{ \varphi \in L_{\infty}(\mathbb{S}^{m-1}) : \int_{\mathbb{S}^{m-1}} \, \varphi(x) P_{n}(x) \, dx = 0, P_{n} \in \mathcal{P}_{n,m} \};\) \noindent (3) Find the best approximation in the space \(L(\mathbb{S}^{m-1})\) of the function \(\chi_{\eta}\) by the space \(\mathcal{P}_{n,m}\).
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