Sign changes of the error term in the Piltz divisor problem
For each integer \(k\geq 2\), let \(d_k(n)\) be the generalized divisor function defined as \(|\{n_1n_2\cdots n_k=n : (n_1, n_2, \dots, n_k)\in\mathbb{N}^k\}|\), and let\N\[\N\Delta_k (x):=\sum_{n\leq x} d_k (n) - \underset{s=1}{\mbox{Res}} \left(\frac{\zeta^k(s) x^s}{s}\right),\N\]\Nwhere \(\zeta(s)\) is the Riemann zeta-function. The quantity \(\Delta_k (x)\) is well-studied for \(k=2,3\). In the paper under review, the authors perform mainly a conditional study of \(\Delta_k (x)\) for integers \(k\geq 3\), under assuming the Riemann hypothesis (RH) and Lindelöf hypothesis (LH). They prove that assuming RH, letting \(k\geq 3\), and letting \(\varepsilon>0\) be an arbitrarily small constant, there exist constants \(c_0,X_0>0\), with \(c_0\) depending only on \(k\) and \(X_0\) depending only on \(k\) and \(\varepsilon\), such that if \(X\geq X_0\), then there are at least \(X^{\frac{1}{k(k-1)}-\varepsilon}\) disjoint subintervals of \([X,2X]\), each of length \(c_0 \varepsilon X^{1-1/k}(\log X)^{-k^2-2}\), such that \(|\Delta_k(x)|>(\frac{1}{2}C_k-\varepsilon)x^{\frac{1}{2}-\frac{1}{2k}}\) for all \(x\) in the subinterval. In particular, \(\Delta_k(x)\) does not change sign in any of these subintervals. The constant \(C_k\) is defined by\N\[\NC_k = \frac{1}{\pi} \Bigg(\frac{1}{2k} \sum_{n=1}^{\infty} \frac{d_k^2(n)}{n^{1+\frac{1}{k}}} \Bigg)^{1/2}.\N\]\NThey also prove that under LH, letting \(k\geq 4\), and letting \(\xi>0\) and \(\varepsilon>0\) be arbitrarily small constants, there exists a constant \(X_0\) depending only on \(k\), \(\xi\), and \(\varepsilon\) such that if \(X\geq X_0\), then there are at least \( X^{\frac{1}{k(k-1)}+\xi-\varepsilon}\) disjoint subintervals of \([X,2X]\), each of length \(X^{1-\frac{1}{k}-\xi}\), such that \(|\Delta_k(x)|>(\frac{1}{2}C_k-\varepsilon)x^{\frac{1}{2}-\frac{1}{2k}}\) for all \(x\) in the subinterval. In particular, \(\Delta_k(x)\) does not change sign in any of these subintervals. To prove the above results, authors follow a method due to \textit{D. R. Heath-Brown} and \textit{K. Tsang} [J. Number Theory 49, No. 1, 73--83 (1994; Zbl 0810.11046)] for detecting intervals on which \(\Delta_k(x)\) does not change sign. Accordingly, the authors provide several conditional (under RH and LH) and unconditional bounds concerning\N\[\N\frac{1}{X}\int_X^{2X} \Big( \Delta_k(x+h)-\Delta_k(x)\Big)^2 \,dx, \quad\text{and}\quad \frac{1}{X}\int_X^{2X} \big( \Delta_k(x)\big)^4\,dx.\N\]\NMeanwhile, they also use a method due to \textit{S. Lester} [Proc. Am. Math. Soc. 144, No. 12, 5015--5027 (2016; Zbl 1352.11091)] to bound moments involving the contribution of large frequencies in the trigonometric polynomial approximation to \(\Delta_k(x)\).
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