Solutions of complex differential equation having pre-given zeros in the unit disc

DOI10.1007/S00365-017-9409-ZMaRDI QIDQ1731914zbMATH OpenOpenAlexWikidataFDO

Publication date 14 March 2019

Published in Constructive Approximation (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/1702.01585

Blaschke sequence linear differential equation normal function oscillation of solution prescribed zeros

Linear ordinary differential equations and systems in the complex domain (34M03) Oscillation, growth of solutions to ordinary differential equations in the complex domain (34M10)

Abstract: Behavior of solutions of

f^{″} + A f = 0

is discussed under the assumption that

A

is analytic in

m a t h b b D

and

s u p_{z i n m a t h b b D} (1 - | z |^{2})^{2} | A (z) | < i n f t y

, where

m a t h b b D

is the unit disc of the complex plane. As a main result it is shown that such differential equation may admit a non-trivial solution whose zero-sequence does not satisfy the Blaschke condition. This gives an answer to an open question in the literature. It is also proved that

L a m b d a s u b s e t m a t h b b D

is the zero-sequence of a non-trivial solution of

f^{″} + A f = 0

where

| A (z) |^{2} (1 - | z |^{2})^{3}, d m (z)

is a Carleson measure if and only if

L a m b d a

is uniformly separated. As an application an old result, according to which there exists a non-normal function which is uniformly locally univalent, is improved.

Review text

Consider the linear differential equation \[ f + a(z)f=0,\tag{1} \] where $a(z)$ is an analytic function in the complex plane or the unit disc $D$. \par It was proved by \textit{V. Šeda} [Acta Fac. Rer. Nat. Univ. Comenianae, Math. 4, 223--253 (1959; Zbl 0099.06603)] that given a sequence of distinct complex numbers $(z_n)$ with no finite limit points there exists an entire function such $a(z)$ that the equation (1) has an entire solution $f$ with the zero sequence $(z_n)$. This result was recently generalized for an arbitrary domain $G$ when the condition $f(z_n)=0$ is replaced with $f(z_n)=b_n$, $(b_n)$ being an arbitrary sequence [\textit{B. Vynnyts'kyi} and \textit{O. Shavala}, Acta Math. Univ. Comen., New Ser. 81, No. 1, 55--60 (2012; Zbl 1265.34325)]. \par The author searches for description of zero sequences $(z_n)$ of solutions of (1) where $a(z)$ belongs to some growth class, in particular, where the coefficient belongs to the space $H_2^\infty$ with the norm $\|a \|:=\sup_{|z|<1} (1-|z|^2)^2|a(z)|$. \par Let $\sigma(z, w)=|\frac{z-w}{1-\bar z w}|$. The uniform density of a sequence $(z_n)$ was introduced by \textit{K. Seip} [Invent. Math. 113, No. 1, 21--39 (1993; Zbl 0789.30025)] $D^+(Z)=\limsup_{r\to 1-} \sup_{z \in \mathbb{D}} \sum_r \frac{\log \frac 1{\sigma(z, z_j)}} {\log \frac 1{1-r}} $, where the sum is taken over $z_j$ satisfying $1/2<\sigma (z, z_j)$<$r$, to solve the interpolation problem in Korenblum spaces. A sequence $(z_n)$ in the unit disc is called separated if $\inf_{n\ne j} \sigma(z_n, z_j)>0$. \par The main result of the paper states that if $Z=(z_k)$ is a separated sequence in the unit disc and $D^+(Z)<1$ then there exists $a\in H_2^\infty$ such that (1) admits a nontrivial solution that vanishes on $Z$. \par Conversely, if $a\in H_2^\infty$ and $f$ is a nontrivial solution of (1) whose zero-sequence is $Z$, then $Z$ is separated and contains at most one point if $\|a\|\le 1$, while $D^+(Z)\le (2\pi+1) \frac{C}{(1-C)^2}, $ where $C=\sqrt{1- \frac{2\sqrt{\|a\|}}{\|a\|+1}}$. \par The proof of Theorem 1 uses essentially the interpolation result by K. Seip. \par As a corollary of Theorem 2 the author obtains (cf. [the author et al., J. Anal. Math. 134, No. 2, 747--768 (2018; Zbl 1417.34210)]) that a sequence $Z$ in the unit disc is the zero-sequence of a non-trivial solution of (1) where $|a(z)|^2 (1-|z|^2)^3 dm(z)$, $dm(z)$ being the Lebesgue measure on $D$, is a Carleson measure if and only if $\inf_{j} \prod_{n\ne j} \sigma(z_n, z_j)>0$. \par An answer to a question from [\textit{J. Heittokangas}, Fields Inst. Commun. 65, 43--98 (2013; Zbl 1277.34122)] is given. Close results in case $D^+(Z)=+\infty$ are established in [\textit{I. Chyzhykov} and \textit{I. Sheparovych}, J. Math. Anal. Appl. 414, No. 1, 319--333 (2014; Zbl 1317.30050)].

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