Some Normal Numbers Generated by Arithmetic Functions

DOI10.4153/CMB-2014-047-2MaRDI QIDQ4981925zbMATH OpenFDO

Authors Paul Pollack, Joseph Vandehey

Publication date 23 March 2015

Published in Canadian Mathematical Bulletin (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/1309.7386

zbMATH Keywords

Carmichael lambda-functionChampernowne's numberEuler functionnormal numbersum-of-divisors function

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Radix representation; digital problems (11A63) Normal numbers, radix expansions, Pisot numbers, Salem numbers, good lattice points, etc. (11K16) Distribution of integers with specified multiplicative constraints (11N25) Asymptotic results on arithmetic functions (11N37)

Abstract: Let $ggeq2$. A real number is said to be g-normal if its base g expansion contains every finite sequence of digits with the expected limiting frequency. Let phi denote Euler's totient function, let sigma be the sum-of-divisors function, and let lambda be Carmichael's lambda-function. We show that if f is any function formed by composing phi, sigma, or lambda, then the number [ 0. f(1) f(2) f(3) dots ] obtained by concatenating the base g digits of successive f-values is g-normal. We also prove the same result if the inputs 1, 2, 3, dots are replaced with the primes 2, 3, 5, dots. The proof is an adaptation of a method introduced by Copeland and Erdos in 1946 to prove the 10-normality of 0.235711131719ldots.

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