Some combinatorial results on Ducci matrix sequence representation
Given a vector \((v_1,v_2,\dots,v_n) \in \mathbb{R}^n\), the \textit{Ducci map} \(D:\mathbb{R}^n \to \mathbb{R}^n\) acts as follows: \[D(v_1,v_2,\dots,v_n)=(|v_1-v_2|,|v_2-v_3|,\dots,|v_n-v_1|).\]\N\NThe Ducci map can be implemented by the application of at least a \(n \times n\) matrix to the vector \(\mathbf{v}\), hence an infinite sequence of matrices \(\{M_i\}\) is a Ducci sequence of matrices associated with \(\mathbf{v}\) if for any \(i>0\) the matrix \(M_i\) implement the Ducci map to the vector \(D^i\mathbf{v}\).\N\NThe aim of the present paper is to investigate the dynamics of Ducci map and the behaviour of Ducci sequence of matrices on \(\mathbb{R}^3\), starting from the vector \((0,\alpha,1)\), where \(\alpha\) is irrational and positive. In this case there is only one Ducci sequence of matrices associated with \((0,\alpha,1)\). Moreover it is established a one-to-one correspondence between the unique Ducci matrix sequence and the continued fraction representation of \(\alpha\).\N\NA sequence \(\langle s_i\rangle\) is recurrent if for every \(\ell\ge 1\), there exists an \(L\ge 1\) such that for each \(m\), the set \N\[ \N\{\langle s_m,s_{m+1},\dots,s_{m+\ell-1}\rangle, \langle s_{m+1},s_{m+2},\dots,s_{m+\ell}\rangle, \dots,\N\langle s_{m+L},s_{m+L+1},\dots,s_{m+L+\ell-1}\rangle\}\\\N\] \Ncontains a copy of each length \(\ell\) subsequence of \(\langle s_i\rangle\). If \(\langle s_n, s_{n+1},\dots \rangle\) is recurrent for some \(n\), the sequence \(\langle s_i\rangle\) is said eventually recurrent.\N\NThe first result of the paper is given by the following statement.\N\NTheorem. For any \(\alpha \in (0,1)\setminus \mathbb{Q}\), its Ducci matrix sequence representation is eventually recurrent if and only if its continuous fraction representation is eventually recurrent.\N\NOther results deal with the relations among Ducci matrix sequence and continuous fraction representations concerning weak almost periodicity of he sequences, abelian recurrence and first return.
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