Deformations and Fourier-Mukai transforms (Q1000230)

Let \(X\), \(Y\) be smooth projective varieties over \(\mathbb C\), let \(\text{Coh}(X)\) be the abelian category of coherent sheaves on \(X\), and let \(\text{D}^b(X)\) be the bounded derived category of \(\text{Coh}(X)\). The \textit{Hochschild cohomology} \(HH^{\ast}(X)\) of \(X\) is defined as \(\text{Ext}^{\ast}_{X\times X}({\mathcal O}_{\Delta}, {\mathcal O}_{\Delta})\), where \(\Delta \subset X\times X\) is the diagonal. The \textit{Hochschild-Kostant- Rosenberg} isomorphism asserts that \(HH^N(X) \simeq \bigoplus_{p+q = N}H^p(X, {\wedge}^qT_X)\). Let \({\mathbb C}[\varepsilon ]\), \({\varepsilon}^2 = 0\), denote the ring of dual numbers. In the paper under review, the author associates to each \(u = (\alpha ,\beta, \gamma )\in HH^2(X) \simeq H^2({\mathcal O}_X) \oplus H^1(T_X) \oplus H^0({\wedge}^2T_X)\) a first order deformation of \(\text{Coh}(X)\). This deformation is a \({\mathbb C}[\varepsilon ]\)-linear abelian category \(\text{Coh}(X, u)\) which can be described as follows: let \({\mathcal X}_{\beta} \to \text{Spec}\, {\mathbb C}[\varepsilon ]\) be the first order deformation of the scheme \(X\to \text{Spec}\, {\mathbb C}\) corresponding to \(\beta \in H^1(T_X)\). One has an extension of sheaves of \(\mathbb C\)-algebras: \(0 \to {\mathcal O}_X\varepsilon \to {\mathcal O}_{{\mathcal X}_{\beta}} \overset {\pi}{} {\mathcal O}{_X} 0\). \(\gamma \in H^0({\wedge}^2T_X)\) can be identified with an alternate \(\mathbb C\)-bilinear map \(\gamma : {\mathcal O}_X\times {\mathcal O}_X \to {\mathcal O}_X\) with the property that \(\gamma (a,-) : {\mathcal O}_X \to {\mathcal O}_X\) is a \(\mathbb C\)-derivation, \(\forall a \in {\mathcal O}_X\). One can define a new structure of sheaf of (not necessarily commutative) \({\mathbb C}[\varepsilon ]\)-algebras on \({\mathcal O}_{{\mathcal X}_{\beta}}\) by the formula: \(a\, {\ast}_{\gamma}\, b := ab + \gamma (\pi (a), \pi (b))\varepsilon\), \(a, b \in {\mathcal O}_{{\mathcal X}_{\beta}}\). Let \({\mathcal O}_{{\mathcal X}_{\beta}}^ {(\gamma )}\) denote the sheaf \({\mathcal O}_{{\mathcal X}_{\beta}}\) endowed with this new multiplication. Assume that \(\alpha\) is represented by a Čech 2-cocycle \(({\alpha}_{ijk})\) on an affine open cover \((U_i)_{1\leq i\leq N}\) of \(X\). Then \(\text{Coh}(X, u)\) consists, by definition, of collections \((\{{\mathcal F}_i\}_{1\leq i\leq N}, \{{\phi}_{ij}\})\), where \({\mathcal F}_i\) is a finitely generated \({\mathcal O}_{{\mathcal X}_{\beta}}^{(\gamma)} | U_i\)-module and \({\phi}_{ij} : {\mathcal F}_j | U_{ij} \to {\mathcal F}_i | U_{ij}\) are isomorphisms satisfying the \textit{twisted cocycle condition}: \({\phi}_{ij} \circ {\phi}_{jk} \circ {\phi}_{ki} = (1-{\alpha}_{ijk}\varepsilon )\cdot \text{id}_{{\mathcal F}_i}\). Let \(\text{D}^b(X, u)\) denote the bounded derived category of \(\text{Coh}(X, u)\). The main result of the paper under review asserts that if an object \(\mathcal P\) of \(\text{D}^b(X\times Y)\) defines an equivalence of categories: \(\Phi := \text{R}p_{Y\ast}(p_X^{\ast}(-)\overset {\text{L}}\otimes {\mathcal P}) : \text{D}{^b(X)} \text{D}^b(Y)\), i.e., a \textit{Fourier-Mukai transform}, if \(v := \Phi (u) \in HH^2(Y)\), and if \({\check u} := (\alpha , -\beta , \gamma)\) then there exists an object \({\mathcal P}^{\dag} \in \text{D}^b_{\text{perf}}(X\times Y, -p_X^{\ast}{\check u} + p_Y^{\ast}v)\) with the property that the associated functor \({\Phi}^{\dag} : \text{D}^b(X, u) \to \text{D}^b(Y, v)\) is an equivalence. The key point in the proof of this result is a proposition asserting that if \(\mathcal E\) is an object of \(\text{D}^b(X)\) then there exists an obstruction class in \(\text{Ext}_X^2({\mathcal E}, {\mathcal E})\), expressed in terms of \(u\) and the \textit{Atiyah class} of \(\mathcal E\), which vanishes iff there exists an object \({\mathcal E}^{\dag}\) of \(\text{D}^b_{\text{perf}}(X, u)\) such that \(\text{L}i^{\ast}\, {\mathcal E}^{\dag} \simeq {\mathcal E}\), where \(i^{\ast} : \text{Coh}(X, u) \to \text{Coh}(X)\) is the functor corresponding to the canonical epimorphism \({\mathcal O}_{{\mathcal X}_{\beta}}^{(\gamma)} \to {\mathcal O}_X\). As an application, the author shows that if \(X\) and \(Y\) are connected by a \textit{flop} \(X \to W \leftarrow Y\) and if \(\mathcal P\) is an object of \(\text{D}^b(X\times Y)\) supported on \(X{\times}_WY\) which defines a Fourier-Mukai transform \(\Phi : \text{D}^b(X) \to \text{D}^b(Y)\) then there exists an isomorphism \({\phi}_D : H^1(T_X) \to H^1(T_Y)\) such that \(\Phi\) extends to an equivalence \({\Phi}^{\dag} : \text{D}^b({\mathcal X}_{\beta}) \to \text{D}^b({\mathcal Y}_{{\phi}_D(\beta)})\), \(\forall \beta \in H^1(T_X)\).