Independence and Bayesian updating methods (Q1105391)

\textit{R. O. Duda}, \textit{E. Hart}, and \textit{N. J. Nilsson} [(*)\ Subjective Bayesian methods for rule-based inference systems, Proc. 1976 Natl. Comput. Conf., 1075-1082 (1976)] have set forth a method for rule-based inference systems to use in updating the probabilities of hypotheses on the basis of multiple items of new evidence. \textit{E. P. D. Pednault}, \textit{S. W. Zucker}, and \textit{L. V. Muresan} [(**)\ Artif. Intell. 16, 213-222 (1981; Zbl 0465.62005)] claimed to give conditions under which independence assumptions made in (*) preclude updating - that is, prevent the evidence from altering the probabilities of the hypotheses. \textit{C. Glymour} [ibid. 25, 95-99 (1985; Zbl 0576.62007)] refutes (**)'s claim with a counterexample of a rather special form (one item of evidence is incompatible with all but one of the hypotheses); he raises, but leaves open, the question whether their result would be true with an added assumption to rule out such special cases. We show that their result does not hold even with the added assumption, but that it can nevertheless be largely salvaged. Namely, under the conditions assumed in (**) at most one of the items of evidence can alter the probability of any given hypothesis; thus, although updating it possible, multiple updating for any of the hypotheses is precluded.