On semi-classical linear functionals of class \(s=1\). Classification and integral representations (Q1309350)

Many publications have appeared treating the classification of moment- sequences giving rise to the so-called classical orthogonal polynomials (Jacobi, Laguerre, Hermite, Bessel). Lately also the semi-classical sequences have been looked into [a very fine treatment is given in \textit{P. Maroni}, Ann. Mat. Pura Appl., IV. Ser. 149, 165-184 (1987; Zbl 0636.33009)]. The author looks into linear functionals \({\mathcal L}\) on the space of complex polynomials in one variable, that give rise to semi-classical orthogonal polynomials of class \(s=1\): sequences of orthogonal polynomials for which the sequence of derivatives is quasi-orthogonal with respect to the linear connected to the original one), i.e. \(P_ n^ \prime\) is of degree \(n-1\) and orthogonal to \(x^ m\) for \(0\leq m\leq n-2\) and moreover there exists an \(r\geq 1\) with \(\langle \widetilde{\mathcal L}, x^{r-1} P_ n^ \prime(x)\rangle\neq 0\). The characterisation leads to 8 irreducible (formal) functional equations for the underlying moment functionals of the form \[ \widetilde{\psi} \widetilde {\mathcal L}+ D[\widetilde{\varphi}\widetilde{\mathcal L}]=0, \] where the polynomials \(\widetilde{\psi}\) and \(\widetilde{\varphi}\) satisfy certain degree restrictions and where the product of a linear functional with a polynomial as well as the derivative of a linear functional are defined in the usual way (reminiscent of the same operations in discussion theory). For each of the 8 cases an integral representation is given and finally the systems of equations for the coefficients in the three term recurrence relations are derived in terms of the coefficients of the original polynomials \(P_ n,\psi\) and \(\psi\).