Convex foliations of degree 5 on the complex projective plane (Q2232012)

A degree \(d\geq 1\) holomorphic foliation \(\mathcal{F}^{d}\) on the complex projective space \(\mathbb{P}^{2}_{{\mathbb{C}}}\) is said to be convex if \(\mathcal{F}\) has no leaves other than straight lines with inflection points. For any foliation \(\mathcal{F}^{d}\) there exist at most \(3d\) different invariant lines, and in case of \(\mathcal{F}^{d}\) has exactly \(3d\) different invariant lines, \(\mathcal{F}^{d}\) is convex, and one says that \(\mathcal{F}^{d}\) is reduced convex. In a previous work of the second author of the work under review and \textit{J. Vitorio} [Asian J. Math. 17, No. 1, 163--192 (2013; Zbl 1330.53020)] are given four explicit families of reduced convex foliations on \(\mathbb{P}^{2}_{{\mathbb{C}}}\): the Fermat foliation \(\mathcal{F}_{0}^{d}\) of arbitrary degree \(d\geq 1\), the Hesse pencil \(\mathcal{F}^{4}_{H}\) of degree \(4\), the Hilbert modular foliation \(\mathcal{F}_{H}^{5}\) of degree \(5\) and a foliation \(\mathcal{F}_{H}^{7}\) of degree \(7\) invariant by the Hessian Group. The question that arises naturally and is raised in the former work is whether these are the only examples of reduced convex foliations on \(\mathbb{P}^{2}_{{\mathbb{C}}}\). This question has affirmatively been answered by \textit{C. Favre} and \textit{J. V. Pereira} [Rend. Circ. Mat. Palermo (2) 64, No. 3, 403--431 (2015; Zbl 1361.37050)] for foliations of degree \(2\) and by the authors in [Bull. Soc. Math. Fr. 146, No. 3, 479--516 (2018; Zbl 1435.53024); Math. Z. 295, No. 1--2, 381--394 (2020; Zbl 1460.32039)] for foliations of degree \(3\) and \(4\), respectively. The main result of the work under review (Theorem G) allows to affirmatively answer to the above question for foliations of degree \(5\) on \(\mathbb{P}^{2}_{{\mathbb{C}}}\) since the authors obtain that every reduced convex foliation of degree \(5\) on \(\mathbb{P}^{2}_{{\mathbb{C}}}\) is the Fermat foliation \(\mathcal{F}_{0}^{5}\) or the Hilbert modular foliation \(\mathcal{F}_{H}^{5}\), up to an automorphism of \(\mathbb{P}^{2}_{{\mathbb{C}}}\). To prove it, the authors first obtain the classification of the fourteen existing homogeneous convex foliations of degree \(5\) on \(\mathbb{P}^{2}_{{\mathbb{C}}}\), up to an automorphism of \(\mathbb{P}^{2}_{{\mathbb{C}}}\) (Theorem A), analyzing for it the possible radial singularities of such foliations via the correspondence between these singularities and certain critical points of rational maps of degree \(5\) from \(\mathbb{P}^{1}_{{\mathbb{C}}}\) to \(\mathbb{P}^{1}_{{\mathbb{C}}}\) which are associated to these homogeneous convex foliations. Next, the authors study reduced convex foliations \(\mathcal{F}^{d}\), taking an invariant line \(l\) of \(\mathcal{F}^{d}\), associating to it a homogeneous convex foliation that leaves \(l\) invariant (homogeneous degeneration of \(\mathcal{F}^{d}\) along \(l\)) and studying the Camacho-Sad indices of both foliations along \(l\). Finally, in the last part of this work, two conjectures are raised. The first related to the extension of the results of the article to foliations of degree \(d\geq 5,\) and another related to the calculation of the Camacho-Sad indices along the line at infinity for homogeneous convex foliations of degree \(d\geq 2\). This work is of interest for specialists in global theory of holomorphic foliations on \(\mathbb{P}^{2}_{{\mathbb{C}}}\).