Fundamental solution and long time behavior of the porous medium equation in hyperbolic space (Q491762)

The aim of this article is to answer some questions on the porous medium equation posed in the hyperbolic space \(\mathbb{H}^n\), that is, \[ \partial_t u=\triangle_g u^m,\quad m>1, \tag{HPME} \] where \(u=u(x,t)\), \(x \in \mathbb{H}^n\), \(t>0\), and \(\triangle_g\) denotes the Laplace-Beltrami operator in the hyperbolic metric. The author starts the study by recalling the formulas for the heat equation on hyperbolic space, as compared with the Euclidean case, with subsequent introduction of the (HPME) and a derivation of some basic estimates on its solutions. The main results concerning with construction of the fundamental solution to (HPME) posed in the in hyperbolic space \(\mathbb{H}^n\) and with the description of its asymptotic behavior at \(t \to \infty\) are contained in the following theorem. {Theorem.} Let \(n\geq 3.\) (i) Given an origin of radial coordinates \(O\), there exists a unique radial and nonnegative weak solution \(U(r, t)\) of (HPME) with initial data a unit delta function located at \(O\). It is bounded and continuous for \(t >0\), monotone non-increasing in \(r\) for fixed \(t >0\), and it has compact support in a ball of geodesic radius \(R(t)\) around \(O\), that expands with time. (ii) For small times it behaves like the Barenblatt solution of the Euclidean porous medium equation [\textit{G. I. Barenblatt}, Prikl. Mat. Mekh. 16, 67--78 (1952; Zbl 0049.41902)] (in Russian). (iii) For \(t \gg 1\), the behavior of the fundamental solution is approximately given by the formula \(t U(r, t)^{m-1}\sim a (\gamma \log t-r+b)_+\), where \(a = \frac{1}{m(n-1)}, \gamma \frac{1}{(m-1)(n-1)}\), and \(b(n, m)\) is fixed by the mass of the solution. More precisely, it means the convergence along curves \(r=\gamma \log (t)+\xi\) in the sense that \(t U(r, t)^{m-1}(\gamma \log (t)+\xi, t)\to a(b-\xi)_+\) as \(t\to \infty\) for fixed \(\xi\). The convergence is uniform for \(\xi \geq k\). (iv) Moreover, there is a free boundary \(r=R(t)\) that grows for large times like \(R(t) \approx \gamma \log (t)+b\). More precisely, \(e^{R(t)-b}\approx t^{\gamma}\). (v) Finally, the long-time sup estimate is true, that is, \(\|U(\cdot, t)\|_{\infty}\sim (\log (t)/t)^{1/(m-1)}\). The other parts of the article are devoted to comments of the basic results and their comparison with results for the porous medium equation in the Euclidean space.