Turn of the one-dimensional direction of the physical space for a periodic particle (Q5941869)

A world line of a material particle \(\gamma\) in the Minkowski spacetime is considered, which projects on a periodic motion particle in the ``physical'' 3-dimensional space. The integral of some curvature of \(\gamma\) is called the \textit{turn} of the direction of the physical space. The aim of this paper is to give a lower estimate for this invariant, together with a characterization of the case when equality holds.