Geometry and arithmetic of integrable hierarchies of KdV type. I: Integrality (Q6058886)

Let \(\mathcal{G}\) be a simply-laced simple Lie algebra. The aim of this paper is to study certain intersection numbers \(\tau_\mathcal{G}(g)\) on the moduli space of stable algebraic curves \(\mathcal{M}_{g,n}\) [\textit{P. Deligne} and \textit{D. Mumford}, Publ. Math., Inst. Hautes Étud. Sci. 36, 75--109 (1969; Zbl 0181.48803)] associated to simple Lie algebras, the case of \(A_{r-1}\)-type simple Lie algebra being essentially one-point \(r\)-spin intersection numbers, introduced by \textit{E. Witten} [in: Topological methods in modern mathematics. Proceedings of a symposium in honor of John Milnor's sixtieth birthday, held at the State University of New York at Stony Brook, USA, June 14-June 21, 1991. Houston, TX: Publish or Perish, Inc.. 235--269 (1993; Zbl 0812.14017)]. The authors review the definitions of the enumerative invariants \(\tau_\mathcal{G}(g)\), called the one-point FJRW (Fan-Jarvis-Ruan, Witten) invariants. For each of the simple Lie algebras \(\mathcal{G}=A_l,D_l\) or \(E_6\), they show that the all-genera one-point FJRW (Fan-Jarvis-Ruan, Witten) invariants of \(\mathcal{G}\)-type, after multiplication by suitable products of Pochhammer symbols, are the coefficients of an algebraic generating function and hence are integral. Moreover, they find that the all-genera invariants themselves coincide with the coefficients of the unique calibration of the Frobenius manifold of \(\mathcal{G}\)-type evaluated at a special point. For the \(A_4\) (5-spin) case they also find two other normalizations of the sequence that are again integral and of at most exponential growth, and hence conjecturally are the Taylor coefficients of some period functions. This paper is organized as follows: The first Section is an introduction to the subject and statement of results. In this Section 2 for an arbitrary simply-laced simple Lie algebra \(\mathcal{G}\), the authors recall the definition of FJRW invariants of \(\mathcal{G}\)-type, in particular of the one-point FJRW invariants \(\tau_\mathcal{G}(g)\), \(g\geq0\). Section 3, via reducing the dual topological ODE to a scalar differential equation, the authors generalize some results of the introduction from \(A_4\) to an arbitrary simple Lie algebra \(\mathcal{G}\). Section 4 deals with wave-function-pair method of computing residues and a product formula. Let \(L\) be the following differential operator: \[ L=\partial^r+Cx,\tag{1} \] where \(\partial=d/dx\), \(r\) is a positive integer, and \(C\) is an arbitrarily given constant, and let \[ \mbox{res} L^{\frac{k}{r}}=:z_k(x),\tag{2} \] be the residues of the pseudodifferential operators \(L^{\frac{k}{r}}\), in particular \(z_k(0)\), where \(k\geq0\) are integers. In this section, the authors review a systematic approach of computing residues for pseudo-differential operators by means of wave functions, and use a general method to derive a product formula for the special resides \(z_k(0)\) defined by (1) and (2). In Section 5, they derive a different explicit formula for the residues \(z_k(x)\) defined by (1) and (2). In Section 6, by using the product formula obtained via the wave-function-pair approach and by using the different closed formula, the authors prove some generalization of results obtained above. In Section 7, the authors derive explicit formulas for the numbers \(\tau_\mathcal{G}(g)\) with \(g\) being \(D_l\) (\(l\geq4\)). The aim of this Section 8 is to compute explicitly the ODE with polynomial coefficients for the numbers \(\tau_{E_6}(g)\) as constructed in section 3, prove the algebraicity for a certain normalization of the numbers \(\tau_{E_6}(g)\), and give their asymptotics for \(g\) large. In Section 8, based on the results in the previous sections and on the theory of Frobenius manifolds, the authors obtain some results from \(A_4\) to \(A_l\), \(D_l\) and \(E_6\). The paper is supported by an appendix where the authors give a brief review of the theory of Frobenius manifolds.