Badly approximable numbers, Kronecker's theorem, and diversity of Sturmian characteristic sequences (Q6101987)

The real number \(\theta\) with simple continued fraction \(\theta = [a_0, a_1, a_2,\dots]\) called the bounded partial quotients or is badly approximable if there exists a positive integer \(B\) such that \(|a_i|\leq B\) for all \(i \geq 1\). The set of real numbers with partial quotients bounded by \(B\) is denoted by \(S_B\). Kronecker's theorem states that if \(\theta\) is an irrational real number, \(\beta\) is a real number, and \(N\) and \(\varepsilon\) are positive real numbers, there exist integers \(n,p\) with \(n>N\) such that \(|n\theta -p-\beta| < \varepsilon\). The quadratic upper bound proved in this paper. For a real irrational number \(\theta\), let \(\{\theta\}\) denote its fractional part. Let \(N\) be a positive integer, and sort the \(N+2\) numbers \(0,\{\theta\}, \{2\theta\}, \dots, \{N \theta\}, 1\) in ascending order \(s_0 = 0 < s_1 < s_2 < \dots < s_N < 1 = s_{N+1}\). The gaps are the numbers \(s_{i+1} - s_i\) for \(0 \leq i \leq N\), and the gap set \(G(\theta, N)\) is the set \({s_{i+1} - s_i : 0 \leq i \leq N }\). Let \(H(\theta, N) = \max G(\theta, N)\), the largest gap in the gap set. For each integer \(B\geq 1\) defined value \(f(B) := \sup_{\theta \in S_B} \sup_{N \in \mathbb{N}} N \cdot H(\theta,N)\). The main result of this paper is the following theorem. Theorem. Let \(B \geq 1\) be an integer. Then \[ f(B)=\begin{cases} 1+\frac{(a+1)^2}{2\sqrt{a^2+2a}}, & \text{if}\; B=2a, a \in \mathbb{N}; \\ 1+\frac{a^2+3a+2}{\sqrt{4a^2+12a+5}}, & \text{if}\; B=2a+1, a \in \mathbb{N}\cup \{0\}. \end{cases} \]