Spectral deviations for the damped wave equation

DOI10.1007/S00039-010-0071-XMaRDI QIDQ707550zbMATH OpenOpenAlexFDO

Publication date 8 October 2010

Published in Geometric and Functional Analysis. GAFA (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/0904.1736

damped wave equation eigenvalues of selfajoint operator Weyl low

Estimates of eigenvalues in context of PDEs (35P15) Asymptotic distributions of eigenvalues in context of PDEs (35P20) Hyperbolic equations on manifolds (58J45)

Abstract: We prove a Weyl-type fractal upper bound for the spectrum of the damped wave equation, on a negatively curved compact manifold. It is known that most of the eigenvalues have an imaginary part close to the average of the damping function. We count the number of eigenvalues in a given horizontal strip deviating from this typical behaviour; the exponent that appears naturally is the `entropy' that gives the deviation rate from the Birkhoff ergodic theorem for the geodesic flow. A Weyl-type lower bound is still far from reach; but in the particular case of arithmetic surfaces, and for a strong enough damping, we can use the trace formula to prove a result going in this direction.

Review text

Let \((M,g)\) be a smooth compact Riemannian manifold without boundary and \(a\) a \(C^{\infty}\) real valued function on \(M\). The ``damped wave equation \[ (\partial^2_t- \Delta +2a(x)\partial_t)v=0 \tag{1} \] for \(t\in\mathbb R\) and \(x\in M\) is studied. The term ``damped applies to the case when \(a\geq 0\) means that the energy is decreasing. The author is interested in the stationary solutions, that is, solutions of the form \(v(t,x)=e^{it\tau}u(x)\) for some \(\tau \in\mathbb R\). This means that \(u\) must satisfy \[ (-\Delta -\tau^2+2i a\tau)u=0. \tag{2} \] Equivalently, \(\tau\) is an eigenvalue of the operator \(\left(\begin{smallmatrix} 0&I\\ -\Delta& 2ia \end{smallmatrix}\right)\) acting on \(H^1(M)\times L^2(M)\). For \(a=0\), this operator is the (anti-selfadjoint) wave operator; but for \(a \neq 0\), the operator is not normal anymore. It is known that its spectrum is discrete and consists of a sequence \((\tau _n)\) with \(\text{Im}(\tau _n)\) bounded and \(|\text{Re}(\tau _n)| \to +\infty\). Here, \(\text{Im}(\tau _n) \in [2 \min (\inf a,0), 2\max(\sup a,0)]\) if \(\text{Re}(\tau _n)=0,\) and \(\text{Im}(\tau _n) \in [\inf a,\sup a]\) if \(\text{Re}(\tau _n)\neq 0\). Obviously, \(-\overline{\tau}_n\) is an eigenvalue if \(\tau _n\) is one, i.e., the spectrum is symmetric with respect to the imaginary axis. A Weyl-type fractal upper bound for the spectrum of the damped wave equation on a negatively curved compact manifold is proved. The number of eigenvalues in a given horizontal strip deviating from the indicated typical behaviour is counted; the exponent that appears naturally is the ``entropy that gives the deviation rate from the Birkhoff ergodic theorem for the geodesic flow. A Weyl-type lower bound is not obtained; but, in the particular case of arithmetic surfaces, and for a strong enough damping, using the trace formula, some result in this direction is established.

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